1st Edition

An Introduction to Nineteenth-Century Art

By Michelle Facos Copyright 2011
464 Pages
by Routledge

464 Pages
by Routledge

464 Pages
by Routledge

Using the tools of the "new" art history (feminism, Marxism, social context, etc.) An Introduction to Nineteenth-Century Art offers a richly textured, yet clear and logical, introduction to nineteenth-century art and culture. This textbook will provide readers with a basic historical framework of the period and the critical tools for interpreting and situating new and unfamiliar works of art.... Read more

Acknowledgements

Illustrations

Introduction

Chapter 1: A Time of Transition

Social Critique

Moral Reform

Monarch as Model

Era of Change

Age of Discovery

Grand Tour

Antiquity Becomes Fashionable

Neoclassical Style

Calm Grandeur in Dante

Conclusion

Chapter 2: Classical Influences and Radical Transformations

Neoclassicm in Britain

Neoclassicism Becomes Popular

The Elgin Marbles

Homer Illustrations

Political Instability in France

D’Angiviller’s Reform Program

Roman Virtue

Neoclassical Eroticism

Neoclassical Sculpture

Neoclassicism in Denmark and the German States

Conclusion

Chapter 3: Re-presenting Contemporary History

Legitimizing Contemporary History

Painting of Contemporary History in France

Political Instability

New Hero for a New Republic

Equestrian Portraits: Rulers on Horseback

Neoclassicism made Ridiculous

Legitimizing Bonaparte

Transgressive History Painting

Representing Republican Values

Establishing Museums

Conclusion

Chapter 4: Romanticism

Origins and Characteristics

Burke’s Sublime

Blake and the Imagination

Nature Mysticism

Goya: Ambiguity and Modernism

Abnormal Mental States

Sculpture

Escape to the National Past: England

Medievalism in France: Troubadour Style

Medievalism in the German States

The Nazarenes

Conclusion

Chapter 5: Shifting Focus: Art and the Natural World

New Attitudes Toward Nature

Academic Landscape Tradition

Nature and the Sublime

The Picturesque

Turner: From Convention to Innovation

Constable: Conservative Nostalgia

Naturalism and Tourism

Friedrich: Patriotism and Spirituality

Feminization of Nature

Hudson River School

American West

Conclusion

Chapter 6: Colonialism, Imperialism, Orientalism

Documenting Distant Lands and People

Colonial Citizens

Picturing Slavery

Native Americans: Ideal or Foe?

Orientalism Emerges

Orient Imagined

Delacroix’s Orientalism

Orientalist Sculpture

International Exhibitions

Conclusion

Chapter 7: New Audiences, New Approaches

Modernism, Urbanization, Instability

Bourgeois Morality and the Separation of Spheres

Biedermeier and the Emergence of Middle Class Culture

Biedermeier Portraiture

Biedermeier Cityscapes

Biedermeier Peasant Painting

Biedermeier Landscape

Biedermeier History Painting

Golden Age in Denmark

Biedermeier in Russia

Mid-Century America

Victorian Painting

Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood

Municipal Art Associations

Conclusion

Chapter 8: Photography as Fact and Fine Art

"Invention" of Photography

Documenting Current Events

Social Reform

Photography and Science

Portraiture

Landscape

Travel

Photography as a Fine Art

Pictorialism and New Technologies

Conclusion

Chapter 9: Realism and the Urban Poor

Contrasting Responses to 1848

Urban Migration

Social Unrest

Alcoholism

Female Suicide

Middle Class Working Women

Poor Working Women

Prostitution

Documenting Work

Idealized Labor

Oppressed Workers

Reforming the Poor

Conclusion

Chapter 10: Imagined Communities: Views of Peasant Life

Peasant Identity

Peasant Imagery Before 1848

Courbet’s Burial: More than Just a Funeral

Academically Acceptable Peasant Images

Powerful Peasants: Heroic or Threatening?

Pitiable Peasants

Idealized Peasants

Grim Realities

Conclusion

Chapter 11: Crisis in the Academy

The Importance of Titles

History Painting and Autobiography: Courbet

The Situation of Women Artists

Salon of 1863 and Salon des Refuses

Salon of 1865

Sculpture and Politics

Foreign Artists in Paris

Art Academies in Austria and the German States

Menzel and Academic Realism

World’s Fairs

Conclusion

Chapter 12: Impressionism

Truth

Haussmannization

New Paris

Flâneurs and Boulevardiers

Experimentation

Old Paris

Bourgeois Leisure

Café Society

Suburban Industry

Suburban Leisure

Natural and Acquired Identities

Gare Saint Lazare

Seaside Resorts

Beaches, Bathing, and Hygiene

Cézanne and Postimpressionism

The Macchiaioli

Conclusion

Chapter 13: Symbolism

Symbolist Precursors

Animate Nature

Music

Music and Genius

Rodin: Abstract Ideas in Human Form

Pessimistic Withdrawal

Women: Angels or Whores?

Imagination Out of Control

Virgin Mothers

Social Pessimism

Memory and Degeneration

Gauguin: Seeking But Never Finding

Van Gogh: Expressing Nature

Genius and Creativity

Beyond the Five Senses

Conclusion

Chapter 14: Individualism and Collectivism

Artists’ Colonies

Pont Aven

Worpswede

Skagen

Artist Organizations

Society of Independent Artists

The Nabis

Rose + Croix

Les XX

National Identity

France : Monet’s Cathedrals

Russia

Serbia

Poland

Finland

Hungary

Conclusion

Epilogue: Looking Toward the Twentieth Century

Bibliography

Glossary

Index

Biography

Michelle Facos teaches art history at Indiana University, Bloomington. Her research explores the changing relationship between artists and society since the Enlightenment and issues of identity. Prior publications include Nationalism and the Nordic Imagination: Swedish Painting of the 1890s (1998), Art, Culture and National Identity in Fin-de-Siècle Europe, co-edited with Sharon Hirsh (2003), and Symbolist Art in Context (2009).

"Finally, an updated delightfully usable survey of 19th century art is available. The text is clearly written, jargon free yet conceptually informed, and clearly organized. Facos expands areas that are sparsely covered in other surveys, for example history of photography, women in art, and landscape as a genre. The boxes with primary sources the easy access on-line extension of the text are ideal ways to open up complex issues and elegantly facilitate open-ended class-room discussion." Lucy Bowditch, The College of Saint Rose, Albany, USA

"This fresh survey of nineteenth century art provides a welcome new perspective. Redressing a long overdue imbalance, artistic developments in America, Britain, Eastern Europe, Germany and Scandinavia are set beside the familiar story of French art, enriching our understanding of the historical context. The many insights and discoveries in this text make it useful to anyone interested in this fundamental era of modern art." Jeffery Howe, Boston College, USA

"This is an excellent textbook for students of nineteenth-century art. Facos's synthesis ranges widely across the countries and genres of nineteenth-century Europe. The emphasis on Paris, characteristic of many other such textbooks, is modified by broadening horizons to include developments in Germany, Britain, Scandinavia, Italy and central Europe. The traditional modernist narrative is displaced by an open-textured historical approach in which the diversity of art production is brought to life in its own context and understood on its own terms. The book is cogent in its broad outlines while also offering compelling readings of individual case-studies that will awaken the interest and curiosity of students. An impressive achievement." Dr Nina Lübbren, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK

"European and American art of the nineteenth century cannot be understood apart from the social and cultural conditions of the day. Michelle Facos recognizes this, explaining the significance of the visual arts of this tumultuous century in relation to such historical forces as the Industrial Revolution, urbanization, the nascent women’s movement, nationalism, imperialism, and colonization. Facos’s rich contextualization of artistic production is supported by judiciously chosen excerpts from primary sources along with useful graphs and sidebar explanations of various techniques. Arts institutions, too, receive particular attention, with helpful discussions of various academies, artists’ organizations, and exhibition venues. Even with this attention to historical context, Facos never takes her eyes off the real focus of the book: the painting, sculpture, and graphic arts produced in Europe and North America between the 1750 and 1900. Her close analyses of individual artworks note the persistence of long-standing aesthetic traditions while also illuminating the relevance of artistic innovation. Well-chosen color reproductions accompany these analyses.

Especially noteworthy is Facos’s insistence that the designation "nineteenth-century art" encompasses more than French and British works with the occasional nod to American contributions. Her account also integrates informative discussions of the visual arts of Russia, Belgium, Italy, Denmark, Sweden, Poland, Serbia, and Hungary as well as the art of the German states. For instance, to well-known artists’ colonies in Brittany, Facos familiarizes readers with the important sites of Worpswede and Skagen.

Written in clear, jargon-free prose, An Introduction to Nineteenth-Century Art offers students an accessible yet lively account of the visual arts in Europe and North America during this century. " Elizabeth Mansfield, New York University, USA

"This is an engaging and stimulating analysis of art in the ‘long nineteenth-century’. Beginning its narrative in the later eighteenth-century, the book offers a view of art which is clear and consistent but never simplistic or reductive. Michelle Facos manages a neat trick of being simultaneously nuanced and subtle, yet also direct and transparent. Thus, in discussing one of the central themes of mid-nineteenth century painting, the imagery of rural labourers, the ambiguity found across the range of works dealing with the subject is fully acknowledged. The images of workers are allowed to be both heroic and threatening, and their contemporary meaning both reassuring and concurrently confusing. They are shown to be represented in techniques both academically conservative and radically innovative. The complex variety of ways in which an image can relate to its contemporary world, through subject, technique, embedded narrative, genre, fashion and more are all discussed in a relaxed and confident manner which never allows the complexity to become confusion.

The author returns to her central theme of exploring the richness and diversity of nineteenth-century art regularly throughout the text and anchors the range of works and ideas discussed in a narrative which insists on the particularity of an artist’s experience as central to true understanding of the work he/she produced. That insistence on context comes across clearly in the use of discrete excerpts of original sources strategically cited throughout the main text. Thus Rousseau is conjoined with Courbet, Burke with Stubbs, Marx with Daumier. Even more regularly occurring are invitations to further explore the works discussed via a variety of resources collected together on a website hosted by the publisher, and devoted to introducing readers to a larger range of material than is possible in a published volume. Interested readers can access maps which will locate all sites mentioned in the text, or can delve more deeply into an individual artist’s sources, or a work’s critical reception, or a variety of modern analyses of a particular image. All this offers added value but it only succeeds because Facos’ analysis is intellectually sound, refreshingly direct and engagingly readable. I enjoyed this book. John Morrison, University of Aberdeen, UK