Sensory Evaluation Techniques, Fourth Edition

Description

From listing the steps involved in a sensory evaluation project to presenting advanced statistical methods, Sensory Evaluation Techniques, Fourth Edition covers all phases of sensory evaluation. Like its bestselling predecessors, this edition continues to detail all sensory tests currently in use, to promote the effective employment of these tests, and to describe major sensory evaluation practices.

The expert authors have updated and added many areas in this informative guide. New to this edition are expanded chapters on qualitative and quantitative consumer research and the Spectrum™ method of descriptive sensory analysis that now contains full descriptive lexicons for numerous products, such as cheese, mayonnaise, spaghetti sauce, white bread, cookies, and toothpaste. Also new in this chapter is a set of revised flavor intensity scales for crispness, juiciness, and some common aromatics. The book now includes an overview of Thurstonian scaling that examines the decision processes employed by assessors during their evaluations of products. Another addition is a detailed discussion of data-relationship techniques, which link data from diverse sources that are collected on the same set of examples.

With numerous examples and sample tests, Sensory Evaluation Techniques, Fourth Edition remains an essential resource that illustrates the development of sensory perception testing.

Contents

Preface

INTRODUCTION TO SENSORY TECHNIQUES

Introduction

Development of Sensory Testing

Human Subjects as Instruments

Conducting a Sensory Study

SENSORY ATTRIBUTES AND THE WAY WE PERCEIVE THEM

Introduction

Sensory Attributes

The Human Senses

Perception at Threshold and Above

CONTROLS FOR TEST ROOM

Introduction

Environmental Controls

Product Controls

Panelist Controls

FACTORS INFLUENCING SENSORY VERDICTS

Introduction

Physiological Factors

Psychological Factors

Poor Physical Condition

MEASURING RESPONSES

Introduction

Psychophysical Theory

Classification

Grading

Ranking

Scaling

OVERALL DIFFERENCE TESTS: DOES A SENSORY DIFFERENCE EXIST BETWEEN SAMPLES?

Introduction

The Unified Approach to Difference and Similarity Testing

Triangle Test

Duo-Trio Test

Two-Out-of-Five Test

Same/Different Test (or Simple Difference Test)

"A" - "Not A" Test

Difference-from-Control Test

Sequential Tests

ATTRIBUTE DIFFERENCE TESTS: HOW DOES ATTRIBUTE X DIFFER BETWEEN SAMPLES?

Introduction: Paired Comparison Designs

Directional Difference Test: Comparing Two Samples

Pairwise Ranking Test: Friedman Analysis-Comparing Several Samples in All Possible Pairs

Introduction: Multisample Difference Tests-Block Designs

Simple Ranking Test: Friedman Analysis-Randomized (Complete) Block Design

Multisample Difference Test: Rating Approach-Evaluation by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

Multisample Difference Test: BIB Ranking Test (Balanced Incomplete

Block Design)-Friedman Analysis

Multisample Difference Test: BIB Rating Test (Balanced Incomplete

Block Design)-Evaluation by Analysis of Variance

DETERMINING THRESHOLD

Introduction

Definitions

Applications of Threshold Determinations

SELECTION AND TRAINING OF PANEL MEMBERS

Introduction

Panel Development

Selection and Training for Difference Tests

Selection and Training of Panelists for Descriptive Testing

Panel Performance and Motivation

Appendix 1: Prescreening Questionnaires

Appendix 2: Panel Leadership Advice

DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES

Definition

Field of Application

Components of Descriptive Analysis

Commonly Used Descriptive Test Methods

Application of Descriptive Analysis Panel Data

THE SPECTRUM™ DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS METHOD

Designing a Descriptive Procedure

Myths about the Spectrum Descriptive Analysis Method

Terminology

Intensity

Other Options

Modified Short-Version Spectrum Descriptive Procedures for Quality Assurance, Shelf-Life Studies, etc.

Appendix 1: Spectrum Terminology for Descriptive Analysis

Appendix 2: Spectrum Intensity Scales for Descriptive Analysis

Appendix 3: A Streamlined Approach to Spectrum References

Appendix 4: Spectrum Descriptive Analysis Product Lexicons

Appendix 5: Spectrum Descriptive Analysis Examples of Full Product Descriptions

Appendix 6: Spectrum Descriptive Analysis Training Exercises

AFFECTIVE TESTS: CONSUMER TESTS AND IN-HOUSE PANEL ACCEPTANCE TESTS

Purpose and Applications

The Subjects/Consumers in Affective Tests

Choice of Test Location

Affective Test Methods-Fuzzy Front End

Affective Methods: Qualitative

Affective Methods: Quantitative

Internet Research

Using Other Sensory Methods to Uncover Insights

Appendix 1: Screeners for Consumer Studies-Focus Group, CLT, and HUT

Appendix 2: Discussion Guide-Group or One-on-One Interviews

Appendix 3: Questionnaires for Consumer Studies

Appendix 4: Protocol Design for Consumer Studies

Appendix 5: Additional Fuzzy Front End References

BASIC STATISTICAL METHODS

Introduction

Summarizing Sensory Data

Statistical Hypothesis Testing

Thurstonian Scaling

The Statistical Design of Sensory Panel Studies

Appendix on Probability

ADVANCED STATISTICAL METHODS

Introduction

Data Relationships

Preference Mapping

The Treatment Structure of an Experimental Design

GUIDELINES FOR CHOICE OF TECHNIQUE

Introduction

GUIDELINES FOR REPORTING RESULTS

Introduction

Summary

Objective

Experimental

Results and Discussion

STATISTICAL TABLES

Index

References appear at the end of each chapter.

Related Subjects

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2. Food Microbiology & Safety
3. Product Development
4. Food Microbiology