This chapter deals with the methods archaeologists use to locate sites, explore existing sites and to study archaeological remains without excavating them

Desktop study

Useful introduction to maps at:
http://ihr.sas.ac.uk/maps/webimages.html

Surface surveys

Sampling is explained at:
http://archnet.asu.edu/archnet/uconn_extras/theory/sampling/sampling.html

Examples of surveys can be viewed at:
http://www.harnser.fsnet.co.uk/
http://www.wkac.ac.uk/shapwick/index.html

Geochemical prospection

Geophysical surveys

Some good examples are available at:
http://csweb.bournemouth.ac.uk/consci/proj_cran/titles.htm
http://csweb.bournemouth.ac.uk/consci/text_kn/knhome.htm
http://www.jungsteinsite.de/gibs_00/hindwell.htm

Aerial photography

Links to galleries or archives including some explanations can be found at:
http://rs6000.univie.ac.at/AARG/
http://www.airphotoservices.co.uk/
http://www.aerial.cam.ac.uk/

Case studies can be viewed at the following:
http://www.arch.soton.ac.uk/Research/justin/saxon%20fisheries.html

This chapter deals with the strategies and techniques archaeologists use to recover archaeological remains from land and sea.

Why excavate?

Types of excavation

The site of Rescue can be found at:
http://www.rescue-archaeology.freeserve.co.uk/

Sites for the excavations at Castell Henlys are at:
http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/arch/staff/sites/henllys/menu.htm
http://archaeology.lamp.ac.uk/CastellH/chenter.html

Excavation strategies and the process of excavation

The following provide good coverage of a range of excavations. Most are research
http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/archsci/field_proj/anampomp/links.htm
http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/archaeology/research/huancaco/
http://www.qub.ac.uk/arcpal/ballynahatty.htm
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/boxgrove/
http://www.suffolkcc.gov.uk/e-and-t/archaeology/eriswell/
http://www.woodnet.org.uk/woodlandweb/enjoy/excavat.htm
http://orgs.man.ac.uk/research/dunragit/
http://catal.arch.cam.ac.uk/catal/catal.html
http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/archaeology/flixboro.htm
http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/archsci/field_proj/scat/
http://museums.ncl.ac.uk/raunds/index.htm
http://www.arch.soton.ac.uk/Research/Avebury/

The process of excavation

What records do archaeologists create?

The Harris Matrix is explained at:
http://www.harrismatrix.com/

Special cases

The following are sites which deal with aspects of underwater archaeology. They are particularly useful given the low profile of this aspect in many textbooks:
http://www.abc.se/~m10354/uwa/
http://pc-78-120.udac.se:8001/WWW/Nautica/Pointers/Museums.html
http://www.marinemuseum.nl/uk/default.htm
http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/institutes/sims/sims.html
http://www.diveturkey.com/inaturkey/projects.htm
http://www.natmus.dk/arg/

After excavation

This chapter covers the methods archaeologists use to identify, analyse and record the finds from excavation and fieldwalking/surface collection.

Archaeometry

A range of useful links is provided by the University of Bradford site:
http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/archsci/

Visual examination

Scientific analysis of artefacts

Characterisation is explained at:
http://www.chem.tamu.edu/services/naa/index.html

Examples of residue analysis can be found at:
http://nrg.ncl.ac.uk/research/resareas/residue.html

·Useful material on lithics is at:
http://wings.buffalo.edu/anthropology/Lithics/index2.html

Analysis of particular inorganic materials

The history of pottery and information on manufacturing and analysis:
http://www.ashmol.ox.ac.uk/PotWeb/

Metalurgy:
http://users.ox.ac.uk/~salter/

Analysis of organic remains

The following sites are useful for different types of organic remains

Animal bones
http://207.16.80.151/zooarch/

Plants
http://www.plantpress.com/docn.htm

Dung
http://www.ualberta.ca/~abeaudoi/stuff/dung/human.htm

Human bones
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/archaeology/princess_1.shtml
http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/archsci/depart/report97/towton.htm
http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/MOLsite/forum/spital0.html
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/programmes/meettheancestors/index.shtml

Preserved human bodies
http://www.nationalgeographic.com/mummy/index.html
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/icemummies/remains.html
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/icemummies/iceman.html
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/peru/
http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/bog/index.html

Human diets including isotope analysis
http://info.ox.ac.uk/departments/rlaha/
http://www.staff.brad.ac.uk/mprichar/PRGMain.html

After analysis

This chapter introduces the major methods of dating archaeological sites and materials.

Relative dating

Obsidian Hydration:
http://obsidian.pahma.berkeley.edu/anth131.htm

Absolute or chronometric dating

The following sites provide excellent explanations listed by method:

Dendrochronology:
http://www.shef.ac.uk/uni/academic/A-C/ap/dendro/dendro.html
http://www.ltrr.arizona.edu/

Thermoluminescence
http://is.dal.ca/~digs/t-intro.htm
http://info.ox.ac.uk/departments/rlaha/

Radiocarbon
http://www.radiocarbon.org/
http://www.c14dating.com/
http://info.ox.ac.uk/departments/rlaha/

This chapter provides an introduction to the ideas underpinning the way archaeologists interpret their finds.

Transformation processes

Making sense of the data

Butser Ancient Farm is at:
http://www.butser.org.uk/

Why do archaeologists offer different interpretations of the past?

This chapter looks at the conservation and protection of archaeological remains and also at the various organisations involved in managing it. While the focus of the textbook was on the UK, examples from around the world are included here.

Threats to archaeological remains

The following sites catalogue threats to ancient sites. Some of them are campaign groups.
http://csweb.bournemouth.ac.uk//consci/text_mars/marsint.htm
http://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/97/copan/
http://www.savestonehenge.org.uk/
http://www.stonehenge-avebury.net/avelatest.html
http://www.amnh.org/naturalhistory/features/0201_feature.html

The protection of archaeological remains

The key organisations for managing archaeological remains in the UK are:
http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/
http://www.cadw.wales.gov.uk/
http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/sw-frame.htm

Unesco is at:
http://www.unesco.org/whc/nwhc/pages/sites/main.htm

Examples of specific sites and their issues are at:
http://www.stonehengemasterplan.org/
http://www.britarch.ac.uk/cba/stone1.html
http://www.suttonhoo.org/
http://www.ipa.min-cultura.pt/coa/homeuk/homeuk.html
http://www.stonehenge-avebury.net/

Protection of artefacts

http://www.finds.org.uk/
http://www.hmso.gov.uk/acts/acts1996/1996024.htm
http://www.britarch.ac.uk/detecting/index.html
http://www.ukdetectornet.co.uk/
http://www.losttreasure.com/affiliatedtravel/

Protection through the planning process PPG 16

Who are the archaeologists?

Rescue:
http://www.rescue-archaeology.freeserve.co.uk/

Institute of Field Archaeologists
http://www.archaeologists.net/

Units
http://www.britarch.ac.uk/info/contract.html
http://www.molas.org.uk/
http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/tpau/

Independent archaeologists
http://www.archaeology.co.uk/cia/default.htm

Museums:
http://www.museums.co.uk/

The Prehistoric Society:
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/prehistoric/

This chapter focuses on the social and political purpose of archaeological knowledge and the way in which it is presented to its public.

Which past?

The Kennewick Man debate can be followed at:
http://www.umatilla.nsn.us/
http://www.kennewick-man.com/

Debates on Prehistoric monuments in the UK are at:
http://www.stonehenge.ukf.net/edenarts.htm
http://www.archaeology.co.uk/gateway/thinktank/who/welcome.htm

Communicating archaeological knowledge

The following sites offer a range of examples of presentations including tours:
http://www.bufau.bham.ac.uk/newsite/Projects/BT/default.htm
http://life.csu.edu.au/~dspennem/VIRTPAST/VIRTPAST.HTM
http://www.channel4.com/plus/timeteam/
http://www.culture.fr/culture/arcnat/lascaux/fr/
http://www.crannog.co.uk/
http://www.archaeolink.co.uk/home.htm
http://www.stonepages.com/
http://www.foteviken.se/

This chapter introduces a major archaeological theme. Belief systems and the evidence for them are part of most archaeology courses.

What is religion?

What functions does religion serve?

What kinds of religion were there?

The Zapotecs are explained at:
http://www.angelfire.com/ca/humanorigins/religion.html#zapotec

Religious change

Ritual activity

A simulation of a Mithras Temple at:
http://museums.ncl.ac.uk/archive/mithras/intro.htm

Identifying ritual and ritual sites

Presentations of ritual site or their excavation can be seen at:
http://www.virtualpalenque.com/
http://www.memphis.edu/egypt/luxortm.htm
http://www-ceg.ceg.uiuc.edu/~haggag/luxor.html
http://www.qub.ac.uk/arcpal/ballynahatty.htm
http://www.jungsteinsite.de/gibs_00/hindwell.htm

Landscape ritual and belief

The following present ritual sites in their landscapes:
http://www.iol.ie/~geniet/maeshowe/
http://www.kilmartin.org/
http://csweb.bournemouth.ac.uk/consci/text_kn/knhome.htm

Religious specialists

This chapter looks at archaeological sites. How do we define and understand them?

What does the archaeology of settlement cover?

Reconstructing ancient landscapes

These examples show different approaches to recovering and presenting ancient landscapes
http://www.shef.ac.uk/~geap/
http://www.history.maelmin.ukf.net/
http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/tpau/projects/lax/

Identifying human use of the landscape

Identifying the function(s) of archaeological sites

There are many sites dealing with specific settlements. This brief list covers a number of periods:

Mesolithic
http://home.bawue.de/~wmwerner/grabung/rotmeso.html

Bronze Age
http://www.dilos.com/region/crete/minoan_pictures.html

Roman
http://www.rdg.ac.uk/AcaDepts/la/silchester/
http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~jhauser/pictures/history/Rome/Pompeii/

Medieval
http://www.britarch.ac.uk/msrg/index.html
http://loki.stockton.edu/~ken/wharram/wharram.htm

The use of space on archeological sites

Understanding structures

A broch:
http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/archsci/field_proj/scat/

Crannogs:
http://www.crannog.co.uk/

Medieval and later buildings:
http://www.wealddown.co.uk/

This chapter covers two themes linked by their focus on how people in the past supported themselves. Material culture deals with things produced or transformed by humans while economics looks at human use of the resources available to them in the past.

Subsistence: how did people in the past feed themselves?

Storage

Sites for Knossos:
http://www.dilos.com/region/crete/minoan_pictures.html
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Crete/4162/

Intensification

Examples of mining can be seen at:
http://www.pio.gov.cy/features/history/copper_mining.htm
http://www.mroe.freeserve.co.uk/

Trade and exchange

A variety of examples of excavated ships are at:
http://www.diveturkey.com/inaturkey/serce.htm
http://www.dover.gov.uk/museum/boat/home.htm
http://www.natmus.dk/nmf/nyhed/nr9/3GB.htm

This site deals with the excavation of a medieval bridge:
http://www.eng-h.gov.uk/archcom/projects/summarys/html96_7/1572anl.htm

Studying materials

Specialisation

The Basse Yutz flagons can be seen at:
http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/world/europe/western/before.html

Art

A range of sites dealing with rock and cave art can be found at:
http://www.ipa.min-cultura.pt/coa/homeuk/homeuk.html
http://www.culture.fr/culture/arcnat/lascaux/fr/
http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/arcnat/chauvet/en/index.html
http://www.indigogroup.co.uk/IrishGenius/seanchlocha5.htm

This final theme examines the way human societies organised themselves in the past and looks at evidence for social divisions and change

What is social archaeology?

Forms of social and political organisation

Power and social control

The archaeology of rank and status

The archaeology of gender

Population and ethnicity

Kennewick Man at:
http://www.umatilla.nsn.us/

Ancient Diets:
http://www.staff.brad.ac.uk/mprichar/PRGMain.html

Social change

The collapse of a civilisation is illustrated at:
http://www2.learner.org/exhibits/collapse/mesopotamia.html

Social conflict

Britain's WW2 heritage is recorded at:
http://www.britarch.ac.uk/projects/dob/index.html

This practical chapter guides you through the process of your first archaeological research project.

How to choose a topic

Basic research opportunities

Where to get help and advice

Planning and managing time and word limits

Recording evidence

Writing up

This chapter focuses on examinations and how to succeed at them.

The site for As and A Level Archaeology is:
http://www.aqa.org.uk/qual/gceasa/arc.html

Cataloguing your portfolio

Revision activities

Tackling exam papers

Mark schemes

This chapter provides information and links to help you decide on the right course for you and the best place to study it.

Below university level

Exam syllabuses
http://www.aqa.org.uk/qual/gceasa/arc.html
http://www.aqa.org.uk/qual/gcse/arc.html

At university

UK University Links:
http://www.britarch.ac.uk/info/ukgallery.html

Individual Departments

http://www.le.ac.uk/archaeology/
http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/archsci/
http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/archaeology/
http://www.rdg.ac.uk/AcaDepts/la/Arch/index.html
http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/arch/welcome.htm
http://www.art.man.ac.uk/arthist/

Stepping up to degree level

This final section provides links to other sources of useful information.

Other useful books
http://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/kevin.greene/wintro/
http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/

Archaeological booksellers
http://www.oxbowbooks.com/
http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/town/square/fe63/index.htm

Journals
http://intarch.ac.uk/antiquity/
http://www.shef.ac.uk/~assem/
http://intarch.ac.uk/
http://www.archaeology.org/
http://www.archaeology.co.uk/
http://www.discoveringarchaeology.com/

Gateway websites
http://archnet.asu.edu/archnet/
http://www.britarch.ac.uk/
http://www.discoveryprogramme.ie/
http://www.hist.unt.edu/09w-ar1.htm
http://www.serve.com/archaeology/europe.html
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/archaeology/

Discussion groups

The Britarch discussion group run by the CBA can be joined at
http://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/lists/britarch.html

The Ed-arch-uk discussion group for teachers of Archaeology is at:
http://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/lists/ed-arch-uk/archive.html

Places to visit

A selective but recommended list:
http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/
http://www.museums.co.uk/
http://www.mda.org.uk/vlmp/
http://www.nmgw.ac.uk/
http://www.nms.ac.uk/
http://www.petrie.ucl.ac.uk/intro.html
http://cumaa.archanth.cam.ac.uk/collections.html
http://units.ox.ac.uk/departments/prm/
http://www.kilmartin.org/
http://www.suttonhoo.org/
http://www.crannog.co.uk/
http://www.maryrose.org/
http://www.archaeolink.co.uk/home.htm
http://www.natmus.min.dk/nmf/indexgb.htm

Search engines
http://library.karnak.com/login.shtml

AQA exam board:
http://www.aqa.org.uk/

Teaching Archaeology resource list:
http://www.britarch.ac.uk/educate/ed1.html

Digital resources for archaeology:
http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/index.html