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Table of Contents
SECTION A: INTRODUCTION 1
Unit A1 Grammar, grammars and grammaticality 4
A1.1 Getting started 4
A1.2 Grammatical description 5
A1.3 Grammars and grammaticality 9
A1.4 Why study grammar in context? 14
Summary 16
Looking ahead 16
Unit A2 Context: some preliminaries 17
A2.1 Language and context are related 17
A2.2 Context is multifaceted 19
A2.3 Context is dynamic 23
Summary 25
Looking ahead 25
Unit A3 The local situational context 26
A3.1 Approaches to the study of the relationship between local situation
and language 26
A3.2 An illustration: the influence of audience on language 29
Summary 33
Looking ahead 33
Unit A4 The wider socio-cultural context 34
A4.1 The influence of ‘national culture’ 34
A4.2 The influence of interest and occupational groups 36
A4.3 The influence of institutional context 42
Summary 45
Looking ahead 45
Unit A5 Context in approaches to grammar 46
A5.1 Formal and functional approaches 46
A5.2 Traditional grammar 47
A5.3 Generative grammar 48
A5.4 Systemic functional grammar 50
A5.5 Emergent grammar and pattern grammar 51
Summary 54
Looking ahead 55
Unit A6 Presenting a view of the world through grammatical choices 56
A6.1 What is transitivity? 56
A6.2 Why is transitivity such an important grammatical resource? 58
Summary 62
Looking ahead 62
Unit A7 Expressing interpersonal relations through grammar 63
A7.1 Creating and maintaining relationships 63
A7.2 Taking a stance on propositions 66
Summary 71
Looking ahead 71
Unit A8 Standards and varieties 72
A8.1 Standard English 73
A8.2 Language varieties 77
Summary 80
Looking ahead 80
Unit A9 Corpus approaches to the study of grammar 81
A9.1 Corpora in language study 81
A9.2 Corpora in the study of grammar in context 82
Summary 90
Looking ahead 90
SECTION B: EXTENSION 91
Unit B1 Grammar in conversation 94
Carter, R. and McCarthy, M., Grammar and the Spoken
language 95
Biber, D. et al., The Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written
English 101
Tottie, G. Negation in English Speech and Writing 106
Unit B2 Grammar in speech in institutional settings 109
Thornborrow, J., Power Talk: Language and Interaction in
Institutional Discourse 110
Ferguson, G., If you pop over there: a corpus-based study of
conditionals in medical discourse 113
Unit B3 Grammar in written academic contexts 118
Halliday, M.A.K., Some grammatical problems in scientific
English 119
Hyland, K., Directives: Argument and engagement in academic
writing 123
Chang, Y-Y. and Swales, J., Informal elements in English in
academic writing: threats or opportunities for advanced
non-native speakers 131
Unit B4 Grammar in written communication: literature and electronic
language 135
Simpson, P., Language, Ideology and Point of View 136
Crystal, D., Language and the Internet 139
Collot, M. and Belmore, N., Electronic language: a new variety of
English 143
Unit B5 Grammar in restricted communications 151
Holmes, J., An Introduction to Sociolinguistics 152
Marley, C., Popping the question: questions and modality in written
dating advertisements 155
Unit B6 Grammar in developing and disintegrating language 160
Painter, C., The development of language as a resource for learning 161
Allison, P. et al., Subordination in children’s writing 165
Dijkstra, K. et al., My recaller is on vacation: discourse analysis of
nursing-home residents with dementia 171
Unit B7 Grammar in second-language learning 173
Ellis, R. and Roberts, C., Two approaches for investigating second
language acquisition 174
Master, P. The effect of systematic instruction on learning the
English article system 179
Unit B8 Grammar and gender 181
Eisikovits, E., Girl-talk/boy-talk: Sex differences in adolescent
speech 182
Levey, S., He’s like ‘Do it now!’ and I’m like ‘No!’ Some innovative
quotative usage among young people in London 186
Unit B9 Grammar and social class 191
Bernstein, B., Class, codes and control 192
Macaulay, R., Extremely interesting, very interesting, or only quite
interesting? Adverbs and social class 197
Unit B10 Grammar in international varieties of English 204
Gramley, S. and Pätzold, K-M., A Survey of Modern English 204
Newbrook, M., Which way? That way? Variation and ongoing changes
in the English relative clause 210
SECTION C: EXPLORATION 213
Unit C1 Exploring grammar in conversation 216
Unit C2 Exploring grammar in institutional contexts 225
Unit C3 Exploring grammar in academic writing 238
Unit C4 Exploring grammar in computer-mediated conversation: instant
messaging 254
Unit C5 Exploring grammar in ‘little texts’ 263
Unit C6 Exploring grammar in the language of children 270
Unit C7 Exploring grammar in second-language learning 277
Unit C8 Exploring grammar and gender 290
Unit C9 Exploring grammar in varieties of English 299
Some final thoughts 308
Glossary of grammatical terms 309
Further reading 316
Notes 319
References 321
Index 331
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