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Resources Chapter 1 - The Rise of Confucian Radicalism At the end of April, 1895 Kang Youwei, a 37-year-old aspiring candidate to high government, drafted a petition to the emperor demanding that the Qing refuse to surrender to Japan and that it immediately undertake a series of fundamental reforms. Shocked equally by China’s defeat at the hands of the Japanese in Korea and by the harshness of the Treaty of Shimonoseki, about twelve hundred of the candidates who had come along with Kang to Beijing for the highest level civil service examinations (jinshi), signed the petition. This was equivalent to a mass protest. The signers risked the wrath of the Qing court, which had, after all, committed itself to the treaty and did not countenance criticism. Click on the links below to read more.
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