2nd Edition
Air Pollution Control Technology Handbook
A detailed reference for the practicing engineer, Air Pollution Control Technology Handbook, Second Edition focuses on air pollution control systems and outlines the basic process engineering and cost estimation required for its design. Written by seasoned experts in the field, this book offers a fundamental understanding of the factors resulting in air pollution and covers the techniques and equations used for air pollution control.
Anyone with an engineering or science background can effectively select techniques for control, review alternative design methods and equipment proposals from vendors, and initiate cost studies of control equipment using this book. This second edition of a bestseller includes new methods for designing control equipment, enhanced material on air pollution science, updates on major advances in the field, and explains the importance of a strategy for identifying the most cost-effective design.
The book also covers:
- New legislation and updates on air regulation
- New advances in process integration design techniques
- The atmospheric and health effects of air pollution
Air Pollution Control Technology Handbook, Second Edition helps combat the solution problem with extensive coverage of air pollution control processes. Fully updated with new legislation, air regulations, and extensive reviews of the design of control equipment, this book serves as an ideal reference for industry professionals or anyone with an engineering or science background needing a basic introduction to air pollution control equipment design.
Historical Overview of the Development of Clean Air Regulations
A Brief History of the Air Pollution Problem
Federal Involvement in Air Pollution Control
Characterizing the Atmosphere
Recipe for an Air Pollution Problem
Clean Air Act
History of the Clean Air Act
1990 Clean Air Act Amendments
Air Permits for New Source
Elements of a Permit Application
Best Available Control Technology
Air Quality Analysis
NSR Reform
Atmospheric Diffusion Modeling for Prevention of Significant Deterioration Permit Regulations and Regional Haze
Introduction—Meteorological Background
Tall Stack
Classifying Sources by Method of Emission
Atmospheric-Diffusion Models
Environmental Protection Agency’s Computer Programs for Regulation of Industry
Source-Transport-Receptor Problem
Source Testing
Introduction
Code of Federal Regulations
Representative Sampling Techniques
Ambient Air Quality and Continuous Emissions Monitoring
Ambient Air-Quality Sampling Program
Objectives of a Sampling Program
Federal Reference Methods and Continuous Monitoring
Complete Environmental Surveillance and Control System
Typical Air Sampling Train
Integrated Sampling Devices for Suspended Particulate Matter
Continuous Air-Quality Monitors
Cost Estimating
Time Value of Money
Types of Cost Estimates
Air Pollution Control Equipment Cost
Process Design and the Strategy of Process Design
Introduction to Process Design
Strategy of Process Design
Mass and Energy Balances
Systems-Based Approaches to Design
Profitability and Engineering Economics
Introduction—Profit Goal
Profitability Analysis
Effect of Depreciation
Capital Investment and Total Product Cost
Introduction to Control of Gaseous Pollutants
Absorption and Adsorption
Process Synthesis Technology for the Design of Volatile Organic Compounds Recovery Systems
Absorption for Hazardous Air Pollutants and Volatile Organic Compounds Control
Introduction
Aqueous Systems
Nonaqueous Systems
Types and Arrangements of Absorption Equipment
Design Techniques for Countercurrent Absorption Columns
Countercurrent Flow Packed Absorption Tower Design
Sample Design Calculation
Adsorption for Hazardous Air Pollutants and Volatile Organic Compounds Control
Introduction to Adsorption Operations
Adsorption Phenomenon
Adsorption Processes
Nature of Adsorbents
Theories of Adsorption
Data of Adsorption
Adsorption Isotherms
Polanyi Potential Theory
Unsteady-State, Fixed-Bed Adsorbers
Fixed-Bed Adsorber Design Considerations
Pressure Drop through Adsorbers
Adsorber Effectiveness, Regeneration, and Reactivation
Breakthrough Model
Regeneration Modeling
Using Mass Exchange Network Concepts to Simultaneously Evaluate Multiple Mass-Separating Agent (Absorbent and Adsorbent) Options
Thermal Oxidation for Volatile Organic Compounds Control
Combustion Basics
Flares
Incineration
Control of Volatile Organic Compounds and Hazardous Air Pollutants by Condensation
Introduction
Volatile Organic Compounds Condensers
Coolant and Heat Exchanger Type
Mixtures of Organic Vapors
Air as a Noncondensable
Systems-Based Approach for Designing Condensation Systems for Volatile Organic Compounds Recovery from Gaseous Emission Streams
Control of Volatile Organic Compounds and Hazardous Air Pollutants by Biofiltration
Introduction
Theory of Biofilter Operation
Design Parameters and Conditions
Biofilter Compared to Other Available Control Technology
Successful Case Studies
Further Considerations
Membrane Separation
Overview
Polymeric Membranes
Performance
Applications
Membrane Systems Design
NOx Control
NOx from Combustion
Control Techniques
Control of SOx
H2S Control
SO2 (and HCL) Removal
SO3 and Sulfuric Acid
Fundamentals of Particulate Control
Particle Size Distribution
Aerodynamic Diameter
Cunningham Slip Correction
Collection Mechanisms
Hood and Ductwork Design
Introduction
Hood Design
Duct Design
Effect of Entrance into a Hood
Total Energy Loss
Fan Power
Hood–Duct Example
Cyclone Design
Collection Efficiency
Pressure Drop
Saltation
Design and Application of Wet Scrubbers
Introduction
Collection Mechanisms and Efficiency
Collection Mechanisms and Particle Size
Selection and Design of Scrubbers
Devices for Wet Scrubbing
Semrau Principle and Collection Efficiency
Model for Countercurrent Spray Chambers
A Model for Venturi Scrubbers
Calvert Cut Diameter Design Technique
Cut–Power Relationship
Filtration and Baghouses
Introduction
Design Issues
Cleaning Mechanisms
Fabric Properties
Baghouse Size
Pressure Drop
Bag Life
Baghouse Design Theory
Electrostatic Precipitators
Early Development
Basic Theory
Practical Application of Theory
Flue Gas Conditioning
Using V-I Curves for Troubleshooting
References
Biography
Karl B. Schnelle, Jr., Ph.D, PE, is Professor Emeritus of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, and has been a member of the Vanderbilt University faculty for more than 55 years. He has published extensively in the chemical engineering and environmental area, is an emeritus member of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers and the Air and Waste Management Association, and a Fellow of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers. He was a lecturer in the American Institute of Chemical Engineers’ continuing education program for more than 30 years, where he taught air pollution control systems design and atmospheric dispersion modeling courses.
Russell F. Dunn, Ph.D, PE, is a Professor of the Practice of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at Vanderbilt University. He also has prior academic experience teaching chemical engineering courses at Auburn University and the Technical University of Denmark. He has authored numerous publications and presentations on chemical and environmental engineering design, in addition to having more than 30 years of professional experience. Dr. Dunn is the Founder and President of Polymer and Chemical Technologies, LLC, a company that provides chemical process and product failure analysis, in addition to developing environmental and energy-based process designs for large chemical plants.
Mary Ellen Ternes, BE, Ch.E, JD, is a Director at Crowe & Dunlevy, in the law firm’s Environmental, Energy and Natural Resources Practice Group. Building on her career as a chemical engineer for U.S.EPA and industry, Ternes became a lawyer and for over 20 years, has advised clients regarding Clean Air Act permitting, compliance, enforcement and litigation. Ternes has published and lectured extensively on the Clean Air Act. She is former Chair of the American Bar Association’s Section of Environment, Energy and Resources Air Quality Committee; the Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Ecosystems Committee; and the Annual Conference on Environmental Law.
"The Air Pollution Control Technology Handbook is ideal for any engineer facing an air pollution challenge. In straightforward language, it presents the information that the design engineer needs. From understanding the regulations and drivers behind them, to permitting, sampling, and modeling, this reference helps the engineer new to air pollution control problems understand what they are dealing with, why it is important, and how to assess the magnitude of the issue they are facing."
—E. W. Crabtree, Enercon Services, Inc., USA"This is an excellent resource that I enthusiastically recommend for environmental and process engineers, consultants, academic researchers, and students. The highly-qualified authors provide an authoritative and comprehensive coverage of air pollution control technologies, regulations, economics, design, and practice. Written in a clear and exciting manner, the book balances the coverage of fundamentals and basic phenomena with practical experience."
—Mahmoud El-Halwagi, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA