Bearing Capacity of Roads, Railways and Airfields, Two Volume Set Proceedings of the 8th International Conference (BCR2A'09), June 29 - July 2 2009, Unversity of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA

VOLUME I

Keynote presentations

From bearing capacity to mechanistic design: The role of soil mechanics in asphalt pavement engineering
S.F. Brown

The performance of rail track incorporating the effects of ballast breakage, confining pressure and geosynthetic reinforcement
B. Indraratna, S. Nimbalkar & D. Christie

Airport pavement design for the 21st century 
S.K. Agrawal

Subgrade soils

Improving subgrade strength and pavement performance by chemical treating subgrade soils
N. Bandara & M.J. Grazioli

Study of dry sludge stabilization from Water Treatment Plant (WTP) in Taiaçupeba to use as compacted soil in earthwork ditches 
R.M. Fortes, J.V. Merighi, D.R. Pauli, M.A.L. Barros, M.H. de Carvalho, N.C. Menetti, Á.S. Barbosa, F.V. Ribeiro & B.B. Bento

Alternatives to heavy test rolling for cohesive subgrade assessment 
D.J. White, P.K.R. Vennapusa, H.H. Gieselman, L. Johanson & J. Siekmeier

A comparative subgrade evaluation using CBR, vane shear, light weight deflectometer, and resilient modulus tests 
N. Garg, A. Larkin & H. Brar

Stabilization of clays using liquid enzymes 
Y. Yilmaz, A.G. Gungor & C. Avsar

The effect of moisture hysteresis on resilient modulus of subgrade soils 
C. Khoury & N. Khoury

Dynamic properties of a full weathering granite subgrade and other pavement materials studied by model tests 
J. Zou, Z. Li & X. Cao
 
The use of geofiber and synthetic fluid for stabilizing marginal soils 
K. Hazirbaba & B. Connor

Subgrade modification—practitioner’s experience 
T. McCleary

“Baku Bayil Yard Site” soil improvement geotechnical works 
E. Guler, A. Gure & E. Cetin

Resilient characteristics of bottom ash 
H.H. Titi, A.R. Coenen & M.B. Elias

Precision triaxial equipment for the evaluation of the elastic behavior of soils 
N. Araújo & A. Gomes Correia

Granular materials

A performance study of different curing materials applied to soil-Portland cement base course cure 
R.M. Fortes & J.V. Merighi

Pavement base unbound granular materials gradation optimization 
J.P. Bilodeau, G. Doré & P. Pierre

Influence of the macroscopic cohesion on the 3D FE modeling of a flexible pavement rut depth 
F. Allou, C. Petit, C. Chazallon & P. Hornych

Effect of grading and moisture on the deformation properties of unbound granular aggregates 
L.U. Mathisen

IDOT test loop: Evaluating the field performance of various dense graded aggregates 
G. Heckel

Analytical evaluation of unbound granular layers in regard to permanent deformation 
L.A.T. Brito, A.R. Dawson & P.J. Kolisoja

Processed Portuguese steel slag—A new geomaterial 
A. Gomes Correia, S.M. Reis Ferreira, A.J. Roque & A. Cavalheiro

Resilient modulus of hydraulically bound road base materials with high volume waste dust 
H. Al Nageim & P. Visulios

Characterizing natural and recycled granular materials for (sub)base layers of roads by cyclic triaxial testing 
C. Grégoire, B. Dethy, J. Detry & A. Gomes Correia

Resilient modulus of unbound base material containing extra waste - Stancombe limestone dust 
B. Saghafi & H. Al Nageim

Characterizing aggregate permanent deformation behavior based on types and amounts of fines 
D. Mishra, E. Tutumluer, J. Kern & A. Butt

Asphalt mixtures

Use of polymer modified binders to reduce rutting in Nordic asphalt pavements 
B.O. Lerfald, J. Aurstad & N.S. Uthus

 Contribution of asphalt mix components to permanent deformation resistance 
P.M. Muraya, A.A.A. Molenaar & M.F.C. van de Ven

A new rutting evaluation indicator for asphalt mixtures 
K. Su, L. Sun, Y. Hachiya & R. Maekawa

Evaluation of different predictive dynamic modulus models of asphalt mixtures used in Argentina 
F.O. Martínez & S.M. Angelone

Development of wear resistant pavements using polymer modified binders 
R.G. Saba, L.J. Bakløkk, J. Aksnes & B.O. Lerfald

Permanent deformation evaluation of Idaho Superpave mixes using the gyratory stability 
F. Bayomy, A. Abu Abdo & M.J. Santi

Prediction of the dynamic modulus of Superpave mixes 
A. Abu Abdo, F. Bayomy, R. Nielsen, T. Weaver, S.J. Jung & M.J. Santi

Laboratory evaluation of warm mix asphalt using Sasobit® 
S.W. Goh, Y. Liu & Z. You

Dynamic modulus prediction of asphalt concrete using three tensile tests 
S. Adhikari & Z. You

Assessing low temperature properties of asphalt materials by means of static testing techniques 
M. Wistuba, K. Mollenhauer & K. Metzker

Ageing of stone mastic asphalt and evaluation of cracking resistance 
S. Büchler, K. Mollenhauer, M. Wistuba & P. Renken

Fatigue resistance of hot mix asphalt at low temperatures—Is there a way to reduce the test efforts? 
K. Mollenhauer & M. Wistuba

Hot mix asphalt produced from marble waste 
C. Gurer, H. Akbulut & A. Yildiz

Discrete element analysis of aggregate variability, blending, and fracture in asphalt mixture 
E. Masad, E. Mahmoud & S. Nazarian

Multidirectional behavior of bituminous mixture 
P. Clec’h, C. Sauzéat & H. Di Benedetto

Design of pavements containing foamed bitumen recycled layers 
M. Losa, R. Bacci, A. Terrosi Axerio & P. Leandri

Long-term study on asphalt mixture segregation in Connecticut: Preliminary results on use of MTV 
D.J. Nener-Plante & A. Zofka

In-situ measurement techniques and developments

Development of the UK highways agency traffic speed deflectometer 
B. Ferne, P. Langdale, N. Round & R. Fairclough

Implementation of a network-level falling weight deflectometer survey of Virginia’s interstate system 
B.K. Diefenderfer, T. Chowdhury & R.A. Shekharan
 
Application of FBG strain sensors in the measurement of three-directional strains within asphalt pavement 
D. Zejiao, T. Yiqiu, C. Fengchen & L. Hao

3D visualization model of road surface 
X. Li, S. Ma & X. Hou

Three years of high speed deflectograph measurements of the Danish state road network 
S. Baltzer

A method for benefiting pavement quality assurance measures related to roughness condition surveys 
C. Plati & A. Loizos

Structural roadway assessment with frequency response function 
J.-M. Simonin, D. Lièvre & J.-C. Dargenton

Deflection measurement: The need of a continuous and full view approach 
J.-M. Simonin, L.-M. Cottineau, V. Muzet, C. Heinkele & Y. Guillard

Modeling & methods of functional testing

Laboratory characterization of half-warm mix asphalts with high recycling rate by means of the factorial experiment design approach 
F. Olard, E. Beduneau, D. Bonneau, S. Dupriet & N. Seignez

Viability of the use of construction and demolition debris in hot mix asphalt 
I. Pérez, M. Toledano & J. Gallego

Thermal stresses of asphalt pavement with temperature-dependent modulus of elasticity 
Y. Zhong & L.Geng

Rigid pavement reinforcement: Modeling of structural behavior 
P. Domingos, M.L. Antunes & J.M.C. Neves

Development and testing of low noise pavements in Norway 
J. Aksnes, R.G. Saba & T. Berge

Roughness progression models by regression and artificial neural network techniques 
E. Taddesse & H. Mork

Joint modeling for JPCP: Successes and pending problems
E.H. Guo

Mechanistic modelling of potential interlayer slip at base sub-base level 
E. Horak, J.W. Maina, S.E. Emery & B. Walker

PFC2D simulation research on vibrating compaction test of soil and rock aggregate mixture 
X. Jia, H. Chai, Z. Yan & Y. Zheng

Axi-symmetric analyses of vertically inhomogeneous elastic multilayered systems 
J.W. Maina, Y. Ozawa & K. Matsui

Models to estimate k subgrade reaction modulus values based on deflection basin parameters 
C.Y. Suzuki, C.R.G. Santos, S. Ferri, F.M. Lopes, R.T.G. Cruz & A.M. Azevedo
 
Application of gray theory in settlement forecast of rock-fill highway embankment 
X. Wang, W. Qin, M.C. Wang & Z. Wang

FEM analysis of the bearing plate deflection tests on rubblized concrete pavement
Y. Liu, Y. Sheng & L. Wang

Data mining applied to compaction of geomaterials 
R. Marques, A. Gomes Correia & P. Cortez

Finite element analyses of pavement materials at or near failure: A constant bulk modulus approach 
C. Gonzalez & S. Jersey

Use of 3-dimensional discrete element model to examine aggregate layer particle movement due to load wander 
P.R. Donovan, E. Tutumluer & H. Huang

Backcalculation analyses of deflection measurements

Backcalculation of the stiffnesses of cement treated base courses using artificial intelligence 
M. Miradi, A.A.A. Molenaar, M.F.C. van de Ven & S. Molenaar

Bearing capacity assessment of recycled asphalt pavements
V. Papavasiliou & A. Loizos

Dynamic analysis of non-destructive tests 
W.T. van Bijsterveld & R.L. Álvarez Loranca

Automated pavement thickness evaluation for FWD backcalculation 
K.R. Maser, L.A. McGrath, B.C. Miller, H. Ceylan & G. Sanati

Analysis of FWD data and characterization of airfield pavement materials in New Mexico 
M.U. Ahmed, R. Bisht & R.A. Tarefder

SOFTSYS for backcalculation of full-depth asphalt pavement layer moduli 
O. Pekcan, E. Tutumluer & J. Ghaboussi

Deterministic-empirical backcalculation of LWD deflection basins 
R.N. Stubstad, H.C. Korsgaard, K. Olsen & J.P. Pedersen

New and/or innovative techniques in compaction & construction

Long-term in-situ measurements of concrete culverts with high fills 
J. Vaslestad, G.Y. Yesuf & T.H. Johansen

Research and applications of new pavement structure based on large stone porous asphalt mixture 
B. Yufeng, W. Songgen & G. Huber

Fiber-reinforced concrete pavement design and material requirements 
A. Bordelon & J.R. Roesler

Using falling weight deflectometer data for new construction interactive design 
C.A. Lenngren

Appraisal of density-based field compaction control test validity 
J. Sadrekarimi & S. Seyyedi
 
Continuous compaction control: Preliminary data from a Delaware case study 
F.S. Tehrani & C.L. Meehan

Geostatistical analysis of roller-integrated continuous compaction control data 
N. Facas, M. Mooney & R. Furrer

VOLUME II

Structural evaluation & performance prediction

Evaluation of effectiveness of FWD use for assessment of pavement interlayer bond 
D. Sybilski, T. Mechowski & P. Harasim

The use of impact-stiffness modulus outputs from FWD measurements to determine PCN in Israel 
M. Livneh

Temperature correction of falling weight deflectometer measurements 
E. Straube & D. Jansen

Nature resources and functional road design criteria 
C.A. Lenngren & R. Fredriksson

Lightweight deflectometers for quality assurance in road construction 
P.R. Fleming, M.W. Frost & J.P. Lambert

The use of surfacing service life as a parameter in pavement strengthening design 
G. Refsdal, R. Johansen & G. Berntsen

Going beyond elastic response while evaluating falling weight deflectometer data 
C.A. Lenngren

Pavement contribution to truck rolling resistance 
C.A. Lenngren

Structural assessment of the English strategic road network—latest developments 
B. Ferne, R. Sinhal & R. Fairclough

Practical use of light weight deflectometer for pavement design 
S. Baltzer, C. Hejlesen, H.C. Korsgaard & P.E. Jakobsen

Structural evaluation of rubblized concrete pavements in Iowa  
H. Ceylan, K. Gopalakrishnan & S. Kim

Structural evaluation of Full-Depth Reclamation in Virginia 
A.K. Apeagyei & B.K. Diefenderfer

Structural design systems for new construction & rehabilitation

A probabilistic approach to flexible aircraft pavement thickness determination 
G.W. White

Comparison of design thickness between the 1993 AASHTO Guide and MEPDG for full depth reclamation pavement 
Y. Ji & T.E. Nantung

Dynamic response of rigid pavements under moving traffic loads with variable velocities 
Y. Zhong & L. Geng
 
Design of pavement rehabilitation to reduce the reflective cracking in pavements with cement stabilized bases 
E. Padilla

Verification of mechanistic-empirical pavement design guide for the state of New Jersey 
N. Siraj, Y.A. Mehta, K.M. Muriel & R.W. Sauber

Mechanistic evaluation of second generation preservation overlays 
D.A. Morian, S. Sadasivam, S.M. Stoffels, G. Chehab & T. Kumar

A robust approach for the evaluation of airport pavement bearing capacity 
Y.H. Lee, Y.B. Liu, J.D. Lin & H.W. Ker

Influence of unbound materials on flexible pavement performance: A comparison of the AASHTO and MEPDG methods 
C.W. Schwartz

Bearing capacity designs for challenging conditions & load effects

The premature failure of slab pavements on heavily trafficked industrial sites 
C. Van Geem & O. De Myttenaere

The discussion on the “b” value of the axle load conversion in China 
X. Wang & L. Zhang

Load bearing analysis of EPS-block geofoam embankments 
D. Arellano & T.D. Stark

A review of the influence of chalk on pavement performance in the South East of England, UK 
M. Zohrabi

Design methodology based on strength and its application to full weathering granite used in highway subgrade 
Z. Li & C. Dong

Sustainable reconstruction of highways with in-situ reclamation of materials stabilized for heavier loads 
H. Wen & T.B. Edil

Estimating bearing capacity for opportune landing sites 
R. Affleck, L. Barna, S. Shoop & C. Ryerson

Shear strength properties of naturally occurring bituminous sands 
J. Anochie-Boateng & E. Tutumluer

Effects of bearing capacity and load transfer efficiency of jointed concrete pavements on reflective cracking in hot-mix asphalt overlays 
J. Baek & I.L. Al-Qadi

Bearing capacity designs for climatic conditions

Use of Ground Penetrating Radar for detection of salt concentration on Norwegian winter roads 
A. Lalagüe, I. Hoff, E. Eide & A. Svanekil

Seasonal coefficients for the pavement roads in Polish climate conditions 
M. Graczyk
 
Seal courses for a soft asphalt pavement with semi-rigid base in cold regions 
X. Wang, X. Zhang & Y. Tan

Thermal stress analysis in ultra-thin whitetopping pavement 
J.R. Roesler & D. Wang

Effect of a changed climate on gravel roads 
P.O. Aursand & I. Horvli

Water impact on the structural behavior of a pavement structure 
S. Erlingsson

Reinforcement of structural layers

Investigation of the effect of a polypropylene fiber material on the shear strength and CBR characteristics of high plasticity Ankara clay 
M. Mollamahmutoglu & Y. Yilmaz

Evaluation of geogrid displacement on subbase reinforcement using specially designed pullout test 
M.V. Akpinar & T. Sert

Performance of flexible pavements reinforced with steel fabric 
S.F. Said, H. Carlsson & H. Hakim

Evaluation of asphalt road pavement rehabilitation using steel mesh reinforcement 
J.M.C. Neves & A.R.D. Alves

In-situ strain measurement during dynamic shear loading of an unbound geogrid reinforced pavement section 
B.R. Cox, B. Curry, C.M. Wood, C. Young & J.S. McCartney

Experimental study on bearing capacity of geocell-reinforced bases 
S.K. Pokharel, J. Han, R.L. Parsons, Y. Qian, D. Leshchinsky & I. Halahmi

Utilization of recycled materials

The influence of virgin aggregate content on the strength and modulus of cold in place reclaimed asphalt pavement 
H. Wang, P. Hao & K. Zhang

Unbound crushed concrete in high volume roads—evaluation of field behavior and structural performance 
J. Aurstad, J.E. Dahlhaug & G. Berntsen

Expansive characteristics of RAP materials for use as aggregates in the pavement substructure layers 
D. Deniz, E. Tutumluer & J.S. Popovics

Study on fully and highly efficiently recycling of waste concrete 
L. Lu, Y. He & S. Hu

Railroad track structures

Evaluation of roadbed stiffness on bearing capacity of railroad ballast with discontinuous analysis
T. Ishikawa, T. Kamei, E. Sekine & Y. Ohnishi

Pressure measurements and structural performance of hot mixed asphalt railway trackbeds 
L.S. Bryson & J.G. Rose
 
Emerging trends for high-speed rail track superstructures—ballastless track as an alternative to the ballasted track 
A.M. Paixão, E.C. Fortunato & M.L. Antunes

An innovative slab track test-line in China 
J. Ren, R. Xiang & B. Lechner

Performance improvement of railroads over soft subgrades with geocell reinforcement 
S. Saride, A.J. Puppala, S. Pradhan & T.G. Sitharam

Actions on railway track panel and ballast—behavior of the Hellenic limestone ballast 
K. Giannakos & A. Loizos

Reducing track faults using polymer geocomposite technology 
P.K. Woodward, G. Medero & D.V. Griffiths

Ballast evaluation and hot mix asphalt performance 
H.M. Lees

Effects of incorporating a bituminous subballast layer on the deformation of railway trackbeds 
T. Ferreira, P.F. Teixeira & R. Cardoso

Influence of the stiffness-damping coupling of the foundation in the performance of a high-speed train track 
J. Cunha & A. Gomes Correia

Measurement of vibrations induced by high-speed trains 
J. Martins, A. Gomes Correia, L.F. Ramos, J. Marcelino, L. Caldeira & J. Delgado

The use of biaxial geogrids for enhancing the performance of sub-ballast and ballast layers—previous experience and research 
J. Kwon & J. Penman

Comparison of in situ performance-based tests methods to evaluate moduli of railway embankments 
A. Gomes Correia, J. Martins, L. Caldeira, E. Maranha das Neves & J. Delgado

Railway bridge transition case study 
J.P. Hyslip, D. Li & C.R. McDaniel

Comparison of coal dust fouled railroad ballast behavior—granite vs. limestone 
W. Dombrow, H. Huang & E. Tutumluer

Full-scale testing

Validation of NCAT structural test track experiment using INDOT APT facility 
E. Levenberg

Construction and field performance of hot mix asphalt with moderate and high RAP contents 
R. West, N. Tran, A. Kvasnak, B. Powell & P. Turner

Analysis of in-pavement sensor data for CC2 new rigid test items at the FAA National Airport Pavement Test Facility 
D.R. Brill & E.H. Guo

Using the viscoelasticity and continuum damage theories to quantify the effects of loading speed in accelerated pavement testing results 
K.M. Theisen, D.R. Victorino, W.P. Nunez & J.A.P. Ceratti

Full-scale aircraft tire pressure tests 
C. Fabre, J. Balay, P. Lerat & A. Mazars

Comparison of precast and cast-in-place concrete pavements responses under heavy vehicle simulator loads 
E. Kohler, J. Harvey, L. Du Plessis & L. Motumah

Field testing of concrete pavements at Chicago O’Hare International Airport 
Y.-S. Liu & D. Lange

Unbonded concrete overlay movements in response to gear loads 
D.A. Morian, S. Sadasivam, J. Reiter, S.M. Stoffels, L. Yeh & A. Ioannides

Case histories

Idaho Airport saves time and money with full-depth reclamation 
G.E. Halsted

Mitigating unbound roadway rutting caused by groundwater movement 
V. Diyaljee

Use of bitumen emulsion in urban paving 
C.R. de Carvalho Filho, F.P. Cavalcante, C. de Medeiros Brito Cavalcante, J.A. Gonçalves de Macêdo & I.D. da Silva Pontes Filho

A case study: Quantification and modeling of asphalt overlay delamination on an airport pavement 
E. Horak, J.W. Maina & S.E. Emery

Taxiway embankment over soft ground using staged construction 
R. Wells, X. Barrett & T. Wells

Evaluation of runway bearing capacity: In-situ measurements and laboratory tests 
A. Graziani, F. Cardone, E. Santagata & S. Barbati

Lessons learned during regular monitoring of in situ pavement bearing capacity conditions 
P. Paige-Green

Biography

Erol Tutumluer and Imad L. Al-Qadi both from the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.