1st Edition
Chemicals from Biomass Integrating Bioprocesses into Chemical Production Complexes for Sustainable Development
Chemicals from Biomass: Integrating Bioprocesses into Chemical Production Complexes for Sustainable Development helps engineers optimize the development of new chemical and polymer plants that use renewable resources to replace the output of goods and services from existing plants. It also discusses the conversion of those existing plants into facilities that are based on renewable resources that may require nonrenewable resource supplements.
Relying on extensive reviews of biomass as feedstock and the production of chemicals from biomass, this book identifies and illustrates the design of new chemical processes (bioprocesses) that use renewable feedstock (biomass) as raw materials. The authors show how these new bioprocesses can be integrated into the existing plant in a chemical production complex to obtain the best combination of energy-efficient and environmentally acceptable facilities. This presented methodology is an essential component of sustainable development, and these steps are essential to achieving a sustainable chemical industry.
The authors evaluate potential bioprocesses based on a conceptual design of biomass-based chemical production, and they use Aspen HYSYS® and Aspen ICARUS® to perform simulations and economic evaluations of these processes. The book outlines detailed process designs created for seven bioprocesses that use biomass and carbon dioxide as feedstock to produce a range of chemicals and monomers. These include fermentation, transesterification, anaerobic digestion, gasification, and algae oil production. These process designs, and associated simulation codes, can be downloaded for modification, as needed. The methodology presented in this book can be used to evaluate energy efficiency, cost, sustainability, and environmental acceptability of plants and new products. Based on the results of that analysis, the methodology can be applied to other chemical complexes for new bioprocesses, reduced emissions, and energy savings.
Introduction
Introduction
Research Vision
New Frontiers
Chemical Industry in the Lower Mississippi River Corridor
Criteria for the Optimal Configuration of Plants
Optimization of Chemical Complex
Contributions of This Methodology
Organization of Chapters
Summary
Biomass as Feedstock
Introduction
Biomass Formation
Biomass Classification and Composition
Biomass Conversion Technologies
Biomass Feedstock Availability
Summary
Chemicals from Biomass
Introduction
Chemicals from Nonrenewable Resources
Chemicals from Biomass as Feedstock
Biomass Conversion Products (Chemicals)
Biopolymers and Biomaterials
Natural-Oil-Based Polymers and Chemicals
Summary
Simulation for Bioprocesses
Introduction
Ethanol Production from Corn Stover Fermentation
Ethylene Production from Dehydration of Ethanol
Fatty Acid Methyl Ester and Glycerol from Transesterification of Soybean Oil
Propylene Glycol Production from Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol
Acetic Acid Production from Corn Stover Anaerobic Digestion
Ethanol Production from Corn Dry-Grind Fermentation
Summary
Bioprocesses Plant Model Formulation
Introduction
Ethanol Production from Corn Stover Fermentation
Ethanol Production from Corn Dry-Grind Fermentation
Ethylene Production from Dehydration of Ethanol
Acetic Acid Production from Corn Stover Anaerobic Digestion
Fatty Acid Methyl Ester and Glycerol from Transesterification of Natural Oil
Propylene Glycol Production from Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol
Algae Oil Production
Gasification of Corn Stover
Summary of Bioprocess Model Formulation
Interconnections for Bioprocesses
Summary
Formulation and Optimization of the Superstructure
Introduction
Integrated Biochemical and Chemical Production Complex Optimization
Binary Variables and Logical Constraints for MINLP
Constraints for Capacity and Demand
Optimization Economic Model—Triple Bottom Line
Optimal Structure
Multiobjective Optimization of the Integrated Biochemical Production Complex
Sensitivity of the Integrated Biochemical Production Complex
Comparison with Other Results
Summary
Case Studies Using Superstructure
Introduction
Case Study I—Superstructure without Carbon Dioxide Use
Case Study II—Parametric Study of Sustainable Costs and Credits
Case Study III—Parametric Study of Algae Oil Production Costs
Case Study IV—Multicriteria Optimization Using 30%-Oil-Content Algae and Sustainable Costs/Credits
Case Study V—Parametric Study for Biomass Feedstock Costs and Number of Corn Ethanol Plants
Appendix A: TCA Methodology and Sustainability Analysis
Appendix B: Optimization Theory
Appendix C: Prices of Raw Materials and Products in the Complex
Appendix D: Supply, Demand, and Price Elasticity
Appendix E: Chemical Complex Analysis System
Appendix F: Detailed Mass and Energy Streams from Simulation Results
Appendix G: Equipment Mapping and Costs from ICARUS
Appendix H: Molecular Weights
Appendix I: Postscript
Biography
Debalina Sengupta received her bachelor of engineering degree in chemical engineering from Jadavpur University, Calcutta, India, in 2003. She worked as a software engineer in Patni Computer Systems from 2003 to 2004. In 2005, she joined the Department of Chemical Engineering at Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. She received her doctor of philosophy degree in chemical engineering under the guidance of Professor Ralph W. Pike for her research titled "Integrating bioprocesses into industrial complexes for sustainable development" in 2010. Her expertise is in optimization of industrial complexes and sustainability analysis using total cost assessment methodology. She is now working as an ORISE postdoctoral fellow at the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Her current research is focused on sustainable supply chain design of biofuels and includes life cycle assessment (LCA) for ethanol as biofuel. Her research interests include chemicals from biomass, modeling, simulation, and optimization, as well as life cycle assessment and sustainability analysis.
Ralph W. Pike is the director of the Minerals Processing Research Division and is the Paul M. Horton Professor of Chemical Engineering at Louisiana State University. He received his doctorate and bachelor’s degrees in chemical engineering from Georgia Institute of Technology. He is the author of a textbook entitled Optimization for Engineering Systems and coauthor of four other books on design and modeling of chemical processes. Pike has directed 15 doctoral dissertations and 16 master’s theses in chemical engineering. He is a registered professional engineer in Louisiana and Texas. His research has been sponsored by federal and state agencies and private organizations, with 107 awards totaling $5.6 million, and has resulted in over 200 publications and presentations. His research specialties are optimization theory and applications for the optimal design of engineering systems, online optimization of continuous processes, optimization of chemical production complexes, and related areas of resources management, sustainable development, continuous processes for carbon nanotubes, and chemicals from biomass.
"… this book’s detailed approach on a recent topic—biomass utilization—makes me interested and impressed as well. Especially, a plant simulation with optimization is a daunting task for any biochemical system. … the book deals with such a difficult task efficiently and in an easy way to make it acceptable."
—Dr. Chiranjib Bhattacharjee, Department of Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Calcutta, India
"Overall, the book is well written and treats a timely subject with good breadth and depth, sufficient to make the material of practical use. Using biomass in existing chemical production complexes is important. The reason is that there is a great deal of chemical manufacturing infrastructure representing substantial capital that needs to be used gainfully. This makes the case studies very interesting."
—Heriberto Cabezas, U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
