2nd Edition
Chemistry for the Life Sciences
Presents short topics tied to numerical or conceptual ideas, reinforced with worked examples and questions
Retaining the user-friendly style of the first edition, this text is designed to eliminate the knowledge gap for those life sciences students who have not studied chemistry at an advanced level. It contains new chapters on –
· Water, covering the mole concept and colloids
· Gases, discussing pressure, gas laws, partial pressure, solubility of gases, and diffusion
· Metals in biology, including properties, oxygen carriers, biocatalysis, charge carriers, and toxicity
The authors divide their analysis of carbon compounds into two chapters. One focuses exclusively on aliphatic carbon compounds, while the other provides a greatly expanded exploration of aromatic carbon compounds, isomerism, amines and amino acids, including benzene, aromaticity, types of isomerism, and absolute configuration. With a current examination of organic and biological reactions, this instructional volume also features end-of-chapter questions and provides a solutions manual for qualified instructors.
Key Features:
Elements, Atoms, and Electrons
Matter and Elements
Atoms
Atomic Structure
Isotopes
The Periodic Table
Electron Structure of Atoms
Covalent Bonding and Molecules
Interactions between Atoms
Covalent Bonds Are Formed by Sharing Outer Electrons
Formulae of Compounds
Covalent Bonds Formed by Combining Atomic Orbitals
Single Overlap, the Sigma-Bond
Double Overlap, the Pi-Bond
Molecules with s- and p-Bonds
Hybrid Molecular Orbitals
Forces Within and Between Molecules
Ionic Bonding
Polar Covalent Bonds
Dipole–Dipole Forces
The Hydrogen Bond
van der Waals Forces
The Hydrophobic Effect
Coordinate Bonds
Chemical Reactions
Rates of Reaction
Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction
Rate Equations
Integrated Forms of Rate Equations
Zero-Order Reactions
Integrated Form of the Zero-Order Rate Equation
First-Order Reactions
The Integrated Form of the First-Order Rate Equation
Second-Order Reactions
Integrated Forms of Second-Order Rate Equations
Pseudo-First-Order Reactions
Reversible Reactions
Equilibrium
Water
The Water Molecule
Ice
Water
Solutions
The Mole Concept
Calculating Molar Masses
Molarity
Colloidal Solutions
Diffusion and Osmosis
Acids, Bases, and Buffers
Ionisation of Water
The Hydrogen Ion
Acids and Bases
Strong Acids and Strong Bases
Weak Acids and Weak Bases
Ka and Kb
Relationship between Ka and Kb
pH, pOH, pKw, pKa, pKb
Solutions of Weak Acids and Bases
Salts and Salt Hydrolysis
Buffer Systems
Calculating the pH Values of Buffers
Indicators
Titrations
Gases
Pressure
Measurement of Pressure
Ideal Gas Laws
Partial Pressures
Solubility of Gases
Diffusion in Gases
Aliphatic Carbon Compounds
Simple Molecules Containing Carbon
Organic Compounds
Alkanes and Alkyl Groups
Alkenes
Alcohols
Thiols
Aldehydes and Ketones
Carboxylic Acids
Amines
Lipids, Sugars, and Linkages between Reactive Groups
Fatty Acids
Esters
Glycerol Esters
Hemiacetals and Hemiketals
Simple Sugars
Chirality in Simple Sugars
Straight-Chain Sugars Spontaneously Form Rings
Sugar Hydroxyls Can Be Chemically Modified
Sugars Are Joined Together by Glycosidic Bonds
Aromatic Carbon Compounds and Isomerism
Benzene
Bioactive Aromatic Compounds
Isomerism
Structural Isomerism
Chain, Positional, and Functional Group Isomerism
Tautomerism
Stereoisomerism
Geometrical Isomerism
Optical Isomerism
Organic and Biological Reaction Mechanisms
Reactive Sites and Functional Groups
Describing Reaction Mechanisms
Bimolecular Nucleophilic Substitution
Electrophilic Addition to a Nonpolar Double Bond
Elimination to Form an Alkene
Nucleophilic Addition to a Polar Double Bond
Free Radical Reactions
Carbon–Carbon Bond Formation in Biosynthesis
Sulphur and Phosphorus
The Electron-Shell Structure and Valency of Phosphorus and Sulphur
Sulphur
The Thiol Group and Thiol Esters
Phosphate, Pyrophosphate, and Polyphosphate
Phosphate Esters
The Role of Phosphate Esters and ATP in Cellular Energy Metabolism
Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
Oxidation Is Linked to Reduction
The Chemical Changes in the REDOX Process
Splitting REDOX Reactions
Standardising REDOX Half-Reactions
Predicting Electron Flow
Free Energy and Standard Reduction Potentials
Redox Reactions and Nonstandard Conditions
Metals in Biology
General Properties of Metals in Biology
Some Properties of Alkali Metals
The Alkaline Earth Metals
Transition Metals
Role of Metal as Oxygen Carrier
Metals Facilitate Biocatalysis
The Role of Metal Ions as Charge Carriers
The Toxicity of Metals
Energy
The First Law of Thermodynamics
Units of Energy
Measurement of Energy
Internal Energy, U, and Enthalpy, H
Calorimetry
Hess’s Law
Enthalpies of Formation
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
Free Energy
Interaction of DeltaH with TDeltaS
Reactions and Equilibrium
DeltaG and Equilibrium
Activation Energy
The Effect of the Temperature on Reaction Rate
The Arrhenius Equation
Catalysis
Enzyme Catalysis
Kinetics of Enzyme Reactions
Finding Vmax and KM
Light
Light Is Part of the Electromagnetic Spectrum
Wavelength and Frequency
The Quantum Theory of Light
The Absorption of Light
The Relationship between Light Absorption and Concentration
The Spectrophotometer
The Fate of Absorbed Light
Appendix: Derivations of Equations
Index
Biography
Raul Sutton
