Criminal Investigation on the Street presents investigative principles and techniques—and applies them to solving real-world crimes—in an engaging, student-friendly style centered on the Investigative Triangle: legal aspects, evidence, and behavioral analysis.
Students and instructors alike will benefit from this book’s comprehensive coverage and accessible writing style. Along with the Investigative Triangle model, which provides a solid framework for approaching investigations, students will also learn about Criminal Investigative Analysis, a range of behavior-based services and strategies to help solve crimes. Chapters 1–7 (Section I) present the principles and techniques of criminal investigation—history and theory, legal background, forensics, crime scene, witnesses and informants, interviews and interrogations—including a chapter on crime analysis and Criminal Investigative Analysis. Chapters 8–13 (Section II) apply these principles and techniques to specific types of crime, beginning with assault and death investigations and a separate chapter on culpable homicide. Section II also covers sex crimes; theft, burglary, robbery, and arson; enterprise and white-collar crime, and terrorism. The book is illustrated throughout with a variety of Exhibits: photographs and drawings, flowcharts, facsimiles of police documents, and other instructive visuals. Each chapter begins with an engaging vignette, some based on high-profile news articles and others drawn from the author’s extensive experience. Interactive features—Case Focus, You Call It, and You Write It—occur at strategic points in every chapter, challenging students to answer questions and apply concepts to actual cases and fictional scenarios. Each chapter ends with a return to the Investigative Triangle, assessing how it applies to the chapter’s main topics. Chapters 1–7 (Section I) each include a list of Important Cases (court decisions relevant to the chapter’s key concepts). At the end of every chapter (Sections I and II), the Investigate Further feature provides an annotated list of readings, films, and other resources appropriate for class projects, term papers, and special assignments. Each chapter concludes with review questions and a chapter summary.
This book is geared to students in the Criminal Investigation course at both two- and four-year institutions, and will appeal to those aspiring to a career in any field related to criminal investigation.
Preface
SECTION I: INVESTIGATIVE PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES
Chapter 1: Origins and Principles of Criminal Investigation
Principles of Criminal Investigation
Criminal Investigation Defined
The Art and Science of Criminal Investigation
Origins of Criminal Investigation
Historical Development of Criminal Investigation
Historical Development of Identification Systems
Trends in Criminal Investigation Today
Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS)
DNA Profiling
Biometric Recognition
FBI/Canadian Investigative Model
Criminal Investigative Analysis
Careers in Criminal investigation
Where Are We Headed?
Chapter 2: Legal Aspects of Criminal Investigation
Sources of Law
U.S. Constitution
Statutory Law
Common Law
Administrative Law
Courts and Proof Standards
Dual Court System
Proof Standards
Criminal Investigative Analysis: A Useful Instrument
Arrest, Search and Seizure
Criminal Liability
Culpability
Arrest
Search
Rules of Evidence
What Is Evidence?
Rules of Exclusion
Handling of Evidence
Courtroom Testimony and Demeanor
Quality of Reports
Testimony Credibility
Chapter 3: Forensics
What Is Forensic Science?
Forensics and Criminalistics
Forensic Science and Criminal Investigative Analysis
Strengths and Weaknesses of Forensic Science
Key Concepts in Forensic Science
Locard’s Exchange Principle
Inclusiveness Doctrine
Occam’s Razor
Specialties in Forensic Science
Biological Sciences
Physical Sciences
"Soft" Sciences
Applied Sciences
Forensic Evidence
Class, Individual, and Trace Evidence
Types of Physical Evidence
Documenting Forensic Evidence
Chapter 4: The Crime Scene
Crime Scene Investigation
Crime Scene Defined
Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
Crime Scene Control and Maintenance
Investigator Role and Responsibilities
Phases of Investigation
Preliminary Investigation
Follow-Up Investigation
Crime Scene Security and Search
Protection and Security
Exchange and Inclusiveness
Search Techniques
Crime Scene Documentation
Field Notes
Photography and Videography
Crime Scene Sketch
Crime Scene Evidence in the Justice System
Chapter 5: Witnesses, Informants, and Related Sources of Information
Witnesses and Suspects
Who Is a Witness?
Victims and Victimology
Neighborhood Canvass
Motive and Modus Operandi (M.O.)
Reliability and Corroboration
Eyewitness Identification methods
Lineups
Forensic Artists and Composite Kits
Investigative Hypnosis
Polygraph
Voice Stress Analysis and Other "Lie Detectors"
Informants
Informant Motivations
Guidelines for Dealing with Informants
The Confidential Informant
Surveillance
Surveillance Purposes and Methods
Legal Issues in Surveillance
Information from Records
Law Enforcement Records
Public and Private Organizations
Chapter 6: Interviewing and Interrogation (I&I)
Interviewing
Listening and Other Interview Skills
Witnesses and Other Interviewees
Interview Planning, Timing, and Location
Interview Procedure
Documenting the Interview
Interrogation
Legalities of Interrogation
Admissibility of I&I in Court
Conducting Interrogations
Planning and Timing
Setting and Propping
Confessions and Admissions
Truth, Deception, and Trickery in I&I
Truth of Falsehood?
Statement Analysis
Trickery as an Interrogation Technique
Chapter 7: Crime Analysis and Criminal Investigative Analysis
Crime Analysis: Background and Process
Information Intake
Sorting and Collating
Analysis and Interpretation
Communicating and Disseminating
Investigative Application
The Crime Analysis Toolbox
Telephone Record Analysis
Timeline Flow Charts
Relational Database Analysis
Crime Bulletins
Crime Records
Computer-Aided Dispatch
What Is Criminal Investigative Analysis?
An Early Case of Unknown Subject Profiling: The "Mad Bomber"
Criminal Investigative Analysis Evolves
Criminal Investigative Analysis Training
Profile of a Killer
Criminal Investigative Analysis in Practice
Profile Applied to Serial Arsonist
Profile Applied to Aged Forensic Likeness
Reexamining the Texas Seven
Geographic Profiling
How Accurate Is Criminal Investigative Analysis?
SECTION II: INVESTIGATION OF CRIMINAL OFFENSES
Chapter 8: Assault and Death Investigations
Assault Investigations
Defining Assault
Evidence
Identifying the Offender
Intent and Other Legal Defenses
Death Investigations
Statistics on Death in the United States
Manner, Cause, and Mechanism of Death
Accident, Suicide, or Homicide
Equivocal Death Investigation
Who Was the Deceased? Identifying and Describing the Victim
Identification: Positive and Presumptive
Positive Identification Protocols
Chapter 9: Culpable Homicide Investigations
Culpable Homicide
Homicide Versus Murder
Solving a Homicide Case
Motives and Types of Murder
Victim Background Assessment (Victimology)
Habits, Behaviors, Routines, and Characteristics
Behavioral Risk Factors
Recent Activities and Known Associates
Death Scene Evidence: The Body
Finding and Excavating the Body
Time Since Death
Wounds and Injuries
Position of the Body
Autopsy Findings
Death Scene Evidence Other Than the Body
Blood Evidence
Trace Evidence
Weapons and Other Objects
Direct Attacks and Overkill
Staged and Posed Crime Scenes
Timing and Coordinating the Death Investigation
Chapter 10: Sex Crimes
Sex Crime Categories
Has a Crime Occurred?
Basic Injury: Rape and Other Sex Offenses
Consent
Sex Crimes Against Children
Collecting and Analyzing Physical Evidence
Crime Scene
Items Left by the Offender
Victim’s Physical Body
Interviewing Victims, Witnesses, and Others
Victim Interviews
Witness Interviews
Interviewing Children
False Allegations
Investigation Mechanics, Profiling, and Typologies
Conducting the Investigation
Criminal Investigative Analysis (CIA) of Unknown Sexual Offender
FBI Profiling
American Psychiatric Association Diagnoses
Rapist Typologies
Investigative Synthesis
Chapter 11: Theft, Burglary, Robbery, and Arson
Theft
Theft of Tangible Property
Theft of Intangibles
Burglary
Burglar Typology
Evidence in Burglary Investigations
The Human Element in Burglary Investigations
Robbery and Home Invasions
Types of Robbery
Home Invasion Crimes
Investigating Robbery and Home Invasion
Arson and Bombing
Fire Investigation
Evidence in Fires
Bombs and Explosions
Motive and Profiling of Arsonists
Chapter 12: Enterprise Crime
Defining Enterprise Crime
Extent of the Problem
The Mafia: A Classic Example of a Criminal Enterprise
Criminal Enterprise Groups
Organization and Structure
Membership
Goals of the Criminal Enterprise
Types of Criminal Enterprises
Nationality or Ethnicity
Gangs
Drug Trafficking
Human Trafficking
Counterfeiting and Money Laundering
Insider Trading and Other White-Collar Crime
Public Corruption
Investigative Techniques and Resources
Organizations Dedicated to Law Enforcement and Investigation
Legal Resources
Covert Operations and Informants
Chapter 13: Terrorism
What Is Terrorism?
Defining Terrorism
Terrorism’s Aims
The Scope of the Problem
Classifying Terrorism
Types of Terrorism
Anti-Abortion Extremism
Bioterrorism
Cyberterrorism
Ecoterrorism and Agroterrorism
Narcoterrorism
Nuclear Terrorism
White Supremacist Terrorism
Combatting Terrorism Proactively
Intelligence and Evidence Gathering
Successful Proactive Investigations
U.S. Counterterrorism Resources
Citizens’ Rights in a Free Society
International Investigations
Investigating Terrorist Incidents After the Fact
Gathering and Documenting Evidence
Bringing Terrorists to Justice
Index
Biography
G. W. Hildebrand draws upon decades of investigative experience as a state police officer and Texas Ranger. Having worked, analyzed, assisted at, or studied over 3,000 violent crime scenes in a 40-year career, he has gained specialized insight into criminal behavior and investigative principles and techniques as they apply to real-world circumstances.
His extensive experience as a full fellow in the International Criminal Investigative Analysis Fellowship (ICIAF) and training with the FBI Behavioral Science Unit add a unique dimension to this book. As an instructor and department chair in a large community college, Prof. Hildebrand is well acquainted with what students need to be engaged in this topic and to grasp the material more readily. He developed, implemented, and maintains one of the best Academic Police Academy programs in his state, and has oversight and training responsibilities of students who qualify to sit for state law enforcement licensing examinations. His approach to crime solutions involves a combination of forensic evidence, criminal behavioral analysis, and various investigative techniques.
"...[I]t’s great to see the topic of profiling not only present but broken down in a way that can be understood by undergraduate students."
Michelle Rippy, California State University – East Bay
"The overall presentation of material, with a distinct separation of practical investigative skills (Section I) from cases (Section II), is an excellent approach to teaching the overall subject of criminal investigation. The active learning exercises are well developed and applied at key points in each chapter. That, in conjunction with content that is accurate and well supported, makes this text a valuable teaching and reference tool."
Frank Dufon, University of West Florida (retired)
"[C]oncise, readable, and teachable."
Monica Hack-Polkosnik, Herkimer College
