1st Edition

Crisis Management and Emergency Planning Preparing for Today's Challenges

By Michael J. Fagel Copyright 2014
    550 Pages 72 B/W Illustrations
    by CRC Press

    Emergency managers and officials have seen a tremendous increase in the planning responsibilities placed on their shoulders over the last decade. Crisis Management and Emergency Planning: Preparing for Today's Challenges supplies time-tested insights to help communities and organizations become better prepared to cope with natural and manmade disasters and their impacts on the areas they serve.

    Author and editor Michael J. Fagel, PhD, CEM has more than three decades of experience in emergency management and emergency operations. He has been an on-site responder to such disaster events as the Oklahoma City Bombing and the site of the World Trade Center in the aftermath of 9/11. He is an experienced professor, trainer, professional, and consultant and has pretty much seen it all.

    The book delves into this experience to present advanced emergency management and response concepts to disasters not often covered in other publications. It includes coverage of planning and preparedness, public health considerations, vulnerability and impact assessments, hospital management and planning, sporting venue emergency planning, and community preparedness including volunteer management.

    Contributions from leading professionals in the field focus on broad responses across the spectrum of public health, emergency management, and mass casualty situations. The book provides detailed, must-read planning and response instruction on a variety of events, identifying long-term solutions for situations where a community or organization must operate outside its normal daily operational windows.

    This book has been selected as the 2014 ASIS Book of the Year.

    Policy and Laws Relating to Emergency Management Planning; Michael J. Fagel, Stephen Krill , and Matthew Lawrence
    Background
    Authorities and Directives
         Robert T. Stafford Act
         Presidential Decision Directives
         Homeland Security Act of 2002
         Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act
         Homeland Security Presidential Directives
         Other References
         Presidential Policy Directives
              The Shift from Target Capabilities to Core Capabilities
         Federal Disaster Assistance Nonprofit Fairness Act of 2013
    Response Plans
         Federal Response Plan
         National Response Plan
         National Response Framework
              Emergency Support Functions
              ESF Support Agencies
    References

    RESPONSE PLANNING AND PREPAREDNESS

    Emergency Operations Center Readiness Continuum; Derek Rowan
    Introduction
    The Training and Exercise Plan
         Instructor-Led Classroom Training
         Online Independent Study Training
              Online Instructor-Led Distance Learning Training
         Online Facilitator-Led Discussion-Based Exercises
         In-Person Exercises
         Creating the Continuum
         Benefits
    Conclusion

    Stress Management and Responders;
    Kathryn R. Juzwin
    Why Stress Management is Important to Emergency Managers?
    Stress-Related Disorders
    Understanding Stress along the Continuum
         Stress Reactions
         Acute Stress
    Manager’s Responsibilities in a Critical Event
         Planning: Helping Take Care of Your Responders in Advance
         Suggestions for Supporting Your Responders
              Psychological First Aid
              Critical Incident Stress Management
              Briefing and Debriefing
              Suggestions and Considerations
    Conclusion
    References

    Facility Vulnerability and Security; Larry Cunningham
    The Key to Effective Security Surveys: Accounting for Human Factors
    The Elements of an Effective Security Survey
         Management
              Organizational Structure Dysfunction

    Immediate Response to Active Shooter Situations; Rick Mathews
    Introduction
    Reducing the Casualties from Active Shooter Attacks
         Immediate Response to Active Shooters
         Training and Exercises
    Conclusion
    References

    PUBLIC HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS

    Coordinated Terrorist Attacks and the Public Health System;
    Raymond McPartland and Michael Fagel
    Introduction
    Case Study
         Mumbai, India November 26–29, 2008
              The City of Mumbai
              Preassault Preparations
              Water Incursion and Landing
              Armament
              Deployment
              The Leopold Café and Bar
              The CST Attack
              The Taj Mahal Hotel
              The Trident-Oberoi Hotel
              Taxi Explosion
              The Nariman House
              Taxi Explosion
    Conclusion
    Swarm Attack Characteristics
    Terror Medicine
         The Macro Level: Public Health System Issues When Facing a Coordinated Attack
         The Micro Level: Untraditional Response Protocols
    Conclusion
    References

    Emergency Management, Public Health, and Private Sector Healthcare: New Opportunities for Collaboration;
    Ruth Cover
    Background
    Histories of the Programs, Including Funding
         HSGP 
         PHEP 
         HPP 
         The Pandemic and All Hazards Preparedness Act of 2006, Public Law 109–417
    Healthcare Coalitions, Medical Surge Capacity and Capability
    Moving toward Health Preparedness Grant Alignment
    Current PHEP and HPP Program Collaboration Requirements
    Collaborative Opportunities
    Conclusion
    References

    Hospital Management and Disaster Planning
    ; Robert Muller
    Introduction
    Hospital Inspection and Analysis
         The Joint Commission
         Mitigation, Preparation, and Planning
    Types of Disaster for Planning Purposes
    Hospital Preparation
         Staffing 
         Personnel Pool
         Staff Education and Training
         Communications
         Antenna Systems
    Command Structure
         Emergency Operations Center
         PIO 
         Go Kits for the PIO
         Decontamination Team
    Facility Management
         Agreements
         Food Preparation
              Hospital Identification System
         Par Values
         Parking 
         Pharmacy
         Surge Capacity
         Forensics
    Communications Sheet
    Bibliography

    Hospital Business Continuity
    ; Linda Reissman and Jacob Neufeld
    Historical Prospective
         Early Hospital Preparedness
    Why Business Continuity?
    What Is the Business Impact Analysis?
         Business Impact Analysis
    Physical Risk Assessment Process
    Advantages of Using a Business Continuity Planning Tool
         Level 1—Self-Governed
         Level 2—Supported Self-Governed
         Level 3—Centrally Governed
         Level 4—Enterprise Awakening
         Level 5—Planned Growth
         Level 6—Synergistic
         Key Continuity Definitions

    Communications and Mass Casualty Events;
    Jeremia h W. Dunlap
    Introduction
    A Historical Look
    A Failure to Communicate
         The Tragedy at Virginia Polytechnic Institute
         The Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001
         Hurricane Katrina
    Improving on the Past: A Retrospective
         Current Event: Hurricane Sandy
    Emergency Communications 101
         A Local Matter
    Building a Communications Network
         Communication Devices and Platforms
    Obstacles
    Conclusion
    References

    Emergency Management and the Media;
    Randall Duncan
    Introduction
    Media 
         Newspapers
         Radio 
         Television
    Social Network Sites and the World Wide Web
    Dealing with the Media in a Crisis
    Public Information Officer
    Joint Information System/Joint Information Center
    References

    Volunteer Management
    ; Mark Chambers
    Background
    Volunteer Types
    Volunteer Assessment
    References

    Legal Considerations in Threat Response Management;
    Ernest P. Chiodo
    Introduction
    Legal Counsel
    Hoarding
         Federal Legal Issues
         State Legal Issues
         Local Legal Issues
         International Legal Issues
              Supplies of Prescription Drugs
         Federal Legal Issues
         State Legal Issues
         Local Legal Issues
         International Legal Issues
         Hoarding of Nonprescription Drugs and Other Health Supplies
              Federal Legal Issues
              State Legal Issues
              Local Legal Issues
         Autonomy and Direction of Care
              Federal Legal Issues
              International Legal Issues
    Qualifications of Physicians Making Public Health Decisions
         Federal, State, Local, and International Legal Issues
    References

    Sport Venue Emergency Planning; Stacey Hall
    Introduction
    Emergency Management
    The Sport Venue Command Group
         Preparedness
              Emergency Response Plan
              Staff Training and Exercise
              Establishing a Command Center
              Response 
              Evacuation Planning
              Communication and Information Sharing
         Recovery
         Mitigation
              Risk Management
              Business Continuity
    Appendix A: General Guidelines Checklist for Emergency Preparedness
         Facility Preparedness
    Documentation and Record System
    Emergency Medical
    Bomb Threat
    Fire
    Appendix B: Evacuation Plan Template for Stadiums
         Introduction
    Purpose
    Relevant Plans
    Command Structure/Response Organization
    Preevent Planning Considerations
         Potential Hazards/Scenarios
    References

    Pandemic Preparedness
    ; Douglas Himberger
    Nature of Pandemics
         Health Concerns of Pandemics
         Community Continuity Concerns of Pandemics
         Psychosocial Concerns of Pandemics
         Economic Impacts of Pandemics
    Unique Preparedness Requirements of Pandemics
         Pandemics at Hand—Pandemic Influenzas: Avian and Swine
         Persistence and Pervasiveness of Pandemics
         Temporal Requirements of Pandemic Preparedness
    Pandemic Preparedness Planning
         Developing a Pandemic Preparedness Plan
         Training for and Exercising Pandemic Preparedness
         Dynamically Replanning for Pandemic Preparedness
    During and After a Pandemic
         Responding to Pandemic Infection
         Communicating during a Pandemic
         Recovering after a Pandemic
    Summary
    References

    WHOLE COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS

    Presidential Policy Directive 8: An Overview; Elizabeth Dawson and Jacob Dickman
    PPD-8: An Introduction
    PPD-8: An Overview
    National Preparedness Goal: An Overview
         Five Mission Areas
    The 31 Core Capabilities
         Common Core Capabilities: Defined
         Capability Targets
    Strategic National Risk Assessment
    National Preparedness System
    National Frameworks
    Building and Sustaining Preparedness
    Limitations
    Summary
    References

    Emergent Group Theory and Whole Community Capability-Building;
    Joseph Lombardo
    Introduction
    Emergent Group Theory
    Disaster Research Center Typology
    Emergent Groups in the Context of National Preparedness Policy
         Whole Community Approach: Opportunities and Challenges
         Capabilities-Based Preparedness Policy
         Building Capabilities in a Whole Community Context
    Examples of Emergent Groups Filling Capability Needs
         Search and Rescue
         Logistics
         Situational Awareness/Communications
         Areas for Future Study
    Understand Community Perceptions of Threat and Risk
         Identify and Partner with Community Leaders and Prominent Organizations
         Keep Existing Volunteer Groups Engaged in Informed in Any Relevant Activity
         Be Creative with Training and Exercise Opportunities
         Implement Solutions Using Social Media
         Foster and Support Evolution of Emergent Groups into Enduring Organizations
         Build a Structure and Have a Plan for Volunteer Reception
    Conclusion
    References

    EXERCISE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

    Exercise Design and Development Challenges;
    Matthew Lawrence
    Introduction
    Exercise Design
         Identifying the Exercise Manager
         Deciding Capabilities to Exercise
         Establishing a Planning Team
         Establishing Trusted Agents
         Developing a Scope
         Developing Goals and Objectives
         Summary
    Exercise Development
         Establishing Planning Conferences
         Recruiting SMEs
         Developing the Scenario
         Developing the MSEL
         Validating the Events
         Developing Evaluation Criteria
         Summary

    Operational Exercise Design;
    Derek Rowan
    Introduction
    Scope
    Exercise Type
    Objectives
    Scenario
    Exercise Development
    Revealing the Simulation
    Evaluation
    Conduct
    Training
    Documentation

    Exercises: Testing Your Plans and Capabilities in a Controlled Environment;
    James A. McGee
    Introduction
    Importance of Testing Plans and Capabilities
         Establishing a Foundation to Exercise Plans
    Design and Development of Exercises
    Identify Key Personnel to Be Involved in the Exercise Process
         Exercise Conduct
    Design and Develop an Exercise to Include an After Action Report
         Evaluation and Improvement Planning
    Active Shooter Threat
         Preface 
         Handling Instructions
         Introduction
         General Instructions
         Exercise Structure
         Exercise Objectives
         Purpose 
         Scope 
         Participants
         Exercise Guidelines
         Module 1: Warning (Credible Threat)
              Key Issues
              Questions
              University Critical Incident Response Team
         Module 2: Notification and Initial Response
              Key Issues
              Questions
              University Critical Incident Response Team
         Module 3: Continued Response/Evacuation and Recovery
              Recovery/Remediation
              Key Issues
              Questions
              University Critical Incident Response Team
    Acronyms
    References

    VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENTS AND CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

    Determining Your Impacts: Impact Assessment Teams
    ; S. Shane Stovall
    Introduction
    Impact Assessment Defined
    Need for Impact Assessment Teams
         Missions and Functions of Impact Assessment Teams
         Staffing Impact Assessment Teams
         Managing Impact Assessment Teams
              Management by Intimidation
              Absentee Managers
              Management by Example
         Training Impact Assessment Teams
              Administrative Training
              Functional Training
         Drills and Exercises
         Equipping an Impact Assessment Team
         Personal Equipment
         Administrative Team Equipment
         Functional Team Equipment
              Financing Impact Assessment Teams
    Other Considerations for Impact Assessment Teams
         Lack of Commitment/Lack of Interest
         Lack of Planning/Training
         Lack of Post-Disaster Critical Incident Stress Debriefing
    Summary

    Vulnerability Assessments; James Peerenboom, Ronald E. Fisher, and Wade Townsend
    Introduction
    Vulnerability Assessment
    Methodological Approaches to Vulnerability Assessment
         Checklist
         Simple Rating
         Risk Matrix
         Risk Equation
         Required Expertise
         Outline of Risk Management Steps
              Step 1. Identify Critical Assets and the Impacts of Their Loss
              Step 2. Identify What Protects and Supports the Critical Assets
              Step 3. Identify and Characterize the Threat
              Step 4. Identify and Analyze Vulnerabilities
              Step 5. Assess Risk and Determine Priorities for Asset Protection
              Step 6. Identify Mitigation Options, Costs, and Trade-Offs
    Conclusion
    Appendix: Key Definitions and Nomenclature
         Key Definitions
    Nomenclature
    References

    Critical Infrastructures and Interdependencies;
    James Peerenboom and Ronal d E. Fisher
    Introduction
    Concepts and Terminology
    Application
    References

    SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS

    Nuclear and Radiological Incidents;
    Andrew Bramnik
    Introduction
    Section I: Background
         Radiation Basics
         Common Uses of Radioactive Materials
         Individual Protection
              Time 
              Distance 
              Shielding 
         Roles and Responsibilities
              State and Local Agencies
              U.S. Department of Homeland Security
              Federal Emergency Management Agency
              U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
              U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
              U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture
              U.S. Department of Energy
         Types of Incidents
              Low-Level, Contained Event
              Midlevel, Localized Event
    Section II: Significant Events
         Types of Significant Events
              Nuclear Detonation
              Radiological Dispersal Device
              Radiological Exposure Device
              Transportation Incident
              Release of Material
              Events at Commercial Power Reactors
    Section III: Protective Actions
         Protective Action Recommendations
              Primary Protective Actions
              Secondary Protective Actions
              Ongoing Protective Actions
    Conclusion
    Abbreviations
    References

    Agroterrorism;
    Michael J. Fagel and Kelly Hamilton
    Agriculture as a Target: Overview of Terrorist Threat
    Importance of Agriculture in the United States
    A Brief History of Agricultural Bioweapons
    Economic Consequences
    Federal Recognition of Agroterrorism Threats
    Congressional Hearings and Laws
    Bioterrorism Preparedness Act
    New FDA Rules on Food Processors and Importers
    Registration of Food Processors
    Prior Notice of Imports
    Administrative Detention
    Maintenance of Records
    Security for Biological Agents and Toxins
    Homeland Security Act
    Agricultural Border Inspections
    Adding Agricultural Specialists
    Executive Branch Actions
    Homeland Security Presidential Directive 7
    Homeland Security Presidential Directive 9
    Federal Appropriations
    Possible Pathogens in an Agroterrorist Attack
         Animal Pathogens
         OIE List
         Select Agents List
         Agent Analysis
         Plant Pathogens
    Countering the Threat
    Deterrence and Prevention
    Detection and Response
    Laboratories and Research
    Federal Authorities
    Recovery Management
    Summary
    References

    Index

    Biography

    Michael Jay Fagel, PhD, CEM, CH S-IV, has been involved in many phases of public service. His professional career spans nearly four decades in Fire, Rescue, Emergency Medical Services, Law Enforcement, Public Health, Emergency Management, as well as corporate safety and security. Since 2003, he has supported many phases of Homeland Security operations in numerous capacities.

    Currently, he is an instructor at the Illinois Institute of Technology-Stuart School of Business, Masters in Public Affairs Program, as well as at Northwestern University in the Masters of Public Policy and Administration Program, delivering master level courses in biodefense, terrorism, and homeland security. He also teaches Homeland Security at Northern Illinois University, Benedictine University‘s Masters in Public Health Program, as well as an instructor at Eastern Kentucky University, Safety Security Emergency Management Masters program. Also, he supported the U.S. Army‘s SBCCOM at Aberdeen Proving Grounds in their WMD facility support operations for 48 months. He spent 32 months standing up the National Guard Bureau‘s CERIAC Fusion Center operations. He is a senior instructor at Louisiana State University‘s National Center for Bio Medical Research and training (NCBRT). He serves as an SME for the National Center for Security and Preparedness, based in Albany, supporting New York State Division of Homeland Security and Emergency Services. He has been involved in the training of Fusion Center and Intelligence officials in numerous training classes for DHS.
    He has delivered several hundred lectures across the nation and written over 200 articles on safety and disaster planning. Also, he served the National Domestic Preparedness Office SLAG team (NDPO) at the FBI in Washington.

    Fagel spent 10 years at FEMA in their Occupational Safety and Health Cadre in Washington, responding to incidents and disasters such as the Oklahoma City Bombing where he worked as

    Dozens of emergency management experts collaborated with author Michael Fagel to create this detailed volume on designing, populating, and implementing a crisis management plan that is based on hard-earned knowledge gleaned from incidents such as the 9-11 attacks, Hurricane Katrina, Superstorm Sandy, and the SARS pandemic. ... this excellent book, filled with information and guidance, is a valuable reference for those in the business of crisis management and will be invaluable to emergency planning professionals.
    ASIS Dynamics, March/April 2015

    A true professional, Mike Fagel arrived at FDNY WTC Incident Command Post on Duane Street, a short distance from Ground Zero, as chaos was still not contained. He organized, directed, and cajoled until order again appeared in our health and safety efforts for the thousands of personnel struggling at rescuing and recovering the victims of 9/11.
    Charles R. Blaich, Deputy Chief of Department, FDNY (Ret.), Colonel, USMC (Ret.)

    ... state-of-the-art strategies and procedures useful for identifying potential or actual hazards, preparing for such hazards, mitigating the cascading system failures during an incident, and facilitating a community’s bouncing back economically and culturally from disasters. ... this book is essential for anyone focused on the art and science of community resiliency and the whole of community emergency management approach—focused on saving communities—the primary role of an emergency manager.
    J. Howard Murphy, MBA, MSS, FAcEM, CEM, Senior Homeland Security Program Manager and Former Commander of the U.S. Army’s first CBRNE Incident Response Force

    ... a must-read for emergency managers, planners, first-line responders plus faculty and students involved in the study of emergency response, homeland security, and public health. Mike Fagel has a rare combination of both superb academic and hands-on, first-responder credentials.
    Colonel Randall J. Larsen, USAF (Ret.), Director, Institute for Homeland Security

    Mike Fagel demonstrates in his third textbook his on-the-job expertise as an emergency manager; as someone who has known Mike for many years, I highly recommend his approach and his concepts. He continues to pursue the professional development of the field of emergency management and this is demonstrated in his most recent work. Dr. Fagel is committed to using his real world "on-the-job" approach to making the rest of us safer.
    Edward Plaugher, Fire Chief (Ret.), Arlington County Fire Department, Arlington, Virginia

    If you have ever had an emergency management situation, Mike’s classroom teachings and publications are a must for your agency. Mike’s real-world experience, most recently involving many events we see in the news and his willingness to educate our first responders, is an opportunity that should be utilized by all agencies.
    Patrick B. Perez, Kane County Sheriff

    This book complements earlier treatments of EOC design and operations by Dr. Fagel, and offers the practitioner new confidence- building measures for confronting a range of public health, agroterrorism, and active shooter incidents that can impact a community and shake the confidence of the populace to return to normalcy. His focus on the best use of social media and other communication modalities is timely and important in shaping contemporary planning and community resilience. Maintaining the trust and confidence of the element of effective emergency management and this book is a toolkit for best practices in citizen-centric preparedness.
    Robert J. Coullahan, CEM, CPP, CBCP, President, Readiness Resource Group

    Dr. Fagel has experience in both traditional emergency management and agriculture operations that provide a unique understanding required for successful crisis management and emergency planning.
    Jeff M. Witte, Director/Secretary, New Mexico Department of Agriculture

    Dr. Michael Fagel has assembled a group of experts in a variety of areas of emergency management and has edited a highly usable book that belongs on the desks of EM professionals. ... The organization of Fagel’s book around hazard-specific issues makes it easy to find useful guidance when planning for a wide range of critical incidents ... . The coverage is very up to date, as evidenced by references in 2013 and coverage of such modern topics as the impact of social media on emergency management. ... In conclusion ... a book that is easy to recommend.
    Frank K. Cartledge, Alumni Professor of Chemistry Emeritus, Louisiana State University

    ... Dr. Fagel has meticulously detailed all the important aspects associated with preventing, responding, and recovering from an attack on agribusiness and the food supply. Mike introduces the subject by showing the immense scope and size of the number-one industry in the United States, agriculture, and the allied industries of food production. He outlines the complexity of the farm-to-table continuum making a special effort to point out where security should be improved.
    Stan W. Casteel, DVM, PhD, Professor of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, College of Veterinary Medicine

    Dr. Fagel and his colleagues offer a must-read, crucial body of knowledge for any professional involved in disaster management; from incident commanders to first responders in the field.
    —Kimble L. Richardson, MS, LMHC , LCSW, LMFT, LCAC

    These chapters provide evidence-based guidelines in terms of funding, disaster planning, and business continuity for hospitals in preparing for an all-hazards event. Given recent natural and man-made catastrophic events in our country, there could be no better time for hospitals to focus on their individual and collective emergency preparedness and response. Facts and questions are posed in a way to give hospitals a pause for thought of a serious and planned approach to evolving their emergency response beyond the typical internal situations.
    —Sheila Mishler, MSN, RN, PMHCN S-BC