7th Edition
Drugs of Natural Origin A Treatise of Pharmacognosy, Seventh Edition
Drugs of Natural Origin is a unique multidisciplinary book suitable for undergraduate and graduate students and teachers in the area of natural product science, but also as a complementary book for disciplines like medicinal chemistry, biochemistry and pharmacology. The book can also serve society as a scientific source for the understanding of a sustainable use of natural products in the development of new drugs, scientifically based herbal remedies, and environmentally friendly biomolecules.
During evolution, molecules have been developed for specific functions in nature. These bioactive substances have a potential as new drug candidates in drug development, but also as pharmacological tools, intermediates or templates for synthesis of drugs. This book deals with terrestrial and marine bioactive substances of plant, microbial or animal origin. The occurrence, biosynthesis, isolation, chemistry and medical use are described together with basic research strategies. An increased understanding of the medical importance of bioactive natural products has developed in society. Since the publication of the sixth edition, six years ago, considerable progress has been achieved in the study of biosynthetic pathways, mainly based on gene technology. The revolution in high-throughput sequencing technology has given an increasing access to microbial genome sequences, which opens up new possibilities in the discovery of novel bioactive natural products. This development is reflected in a substantial revision and expansion of the book, but also removal of some sections containing products remotely associated with drugs. The new book also contains description of novel drugs marketed since the publication of the previous edition, especially in the field of diabetes, cancer and infection.
Introduction
Definitions
The history of natural products in medicine
Natural products as modern drugs
Production of drugs based on natural products
The role of natural products in drug discovery
Plants used in traditional medicine
Ethnopharmacology
Natural products from marine organisms
Combinatorial biosynthesis
Screening of randomly chosen organisms
Chemoinformatics and phylogenetics
Systems biology
Application of the systemic biology approach to the study of natural products used in medicine
Pharmacognosy as a research subject
Further reading
Plant- derived Crude Drugs and Herbal Remedies
Nomenclature
Production of crude drugs from medicinal plants
Cultivation of medicinal plants
Propagation of plants
Plant breeding
Collecting and harvesting medicinal plants
Preservation of plant material
Storage of crude drugs
Quality control of crude drugs
Sterilization of crude drugs
Preparations of crude drugs
Grinding of crude drugs
Herbal "Teas"
Extracts
Herbal remedies
Definitions and trade regulations
Side effects
Interactions
Information sources
Isolation of pure compounds from extracts of crude drugs and other organisms
Isolation of compounds with known properties
Bioassay-guided isolation
Industrial high-throughput screening of extracts
Further reading
Biotechnological Drug Production
Production of antibiotics
The growth curve of microorganisms
Energy metabolism and production of metabolites in microorganisms
Technical aspects of the producton of antibiotics
Plant tissue and cell culture (plant biotechnology)
Callus cultures
Suspension cultures
Organ cultures and regeneration of plants
Environmental factors of importance for plant tissue and cell culture
Tissue and cell culture in plant breeding
Industrial production of natural products by plant tissue and cell cultures
Future prospects for plant biotechnology in the production of drugs
Further reading
Formation of Pharmacologically Active Compounds in Plants – Biosynthesis
Photosynthesis
Light reactions and dark reactions
Dark reactions
Photorespiration
Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
Investigation of biosynthetic pathways
Transporters of secondary metabolites
Classification of natural products
Further reading
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Gums and mucilages
Reduction products of carbohydrates: sugar alcohols, Natural products related to carbohydrates, Glycosides, Aminoglycoside antibiotics, Acarbose,
Further reading
Natural Products Derived Biosynthetically from Shikimic Acid
Shikimic acid
Localization of the shikimic acid pathway
The enzymes of the shikimic acid pathway
Biosynthesis of shikimic acid
Gallic acid and tannins
The aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan
Biosynthesis of tyrosine and phenylalanine
Biosynthesis of tryptophan
Phenylpropanes
Typical phenylpropanes
Adaptogens
Coumarins and furanocoumarins
Substances formed from phenylpropanes by shortening of the side-chain
Further reading
Natural Products Derived Biosynthetically from Acetate
7a. The acylpolymalonate pathway
Fatty acids
Saturated fatty acids
Unsaturated fatty acids
Other derivatives of fatty acids
Fats and waxes
Fats
Waxes
Phospholipids
Eicasonoids
Prostaglandins
Thromboxanes
Leukotrienes
Lipstatin
Polyketides
Polyketides derived from acetate or propionate
Macrolides
Erythromycins
Avermectins
Spiramycins
Polyene macrolide antibiotics
Epothilones
Polyether macrolides
Griseofulvin
Mevastatin and lovastatin
Leptospermone and Nitisinone
Mupirocin
Tetracyclines
Anthracyclines
Mithramycin
Enediynes
Anthraquinones
Polyketides of mixed biogenetic origin
Flavonoids
Kava pyrones
Flavonolignans
Mycophenolic acid
The ansamycin group of antibiotics
Rapamycin
Tacrolimus (FK-506)
Rotenoids
Khellin
Sodium cromoglycate
Further reading
7b. The isopentenyl diphosphate pathway Isoprenoids
Mevalonic acid and isopentenyl diphosphate
The non-mevalonate pathway for the biosynthesis of isoprenoids
Monoterpenes
Biosynthesis of monoterpenes
Hydrocarbons
Alcohols
Aldehydes
Ketones
Phenols
Iridoids and secoiridoids
Other oxidized monoterpenes
Sesquiterpenes
Biosynthesis of sesquiterpenes
Diterpenes
Biosynthesis of diterpenes
Triterpenes and steroids
Biosynthesis of triterpenes and steroids
Biosynthesis of pentacyclic triterpenes
Biosynthesis of tetracyclic triterpenes and steroids
Triterpenes
Saponins
Modified triterpenes
Steroidal hormones
Cardiac glycosides
Glycosides from Digitalis purpurea
Glycosides from Digitalis lananta
Other cardiac glycosides
Vitamin D
Tetraterpenes
Biosynthesis of tetraterpenes
Further reading
Amino acids
2-oxoglutaric acid group
Pyruvic acid group
Oxalacetic acid group
Serine group
Histidine
Aromatic amino acids
Essential amino acids
Toxic, non-proteinogenic amino acids
Other amino acids of medicinal interest
Further reading
Natural Products Derived Biosynthetically from Amino Acids
Peptides and proteins
Symbols for the amino acids in the primary structures of peptides and proteins
Proteolytic enzymes
Other enzymes with medicinal use
Ribosome inactivating proteins (RIP toxins)
Lectins
Amanita toxins
Snake venoms
Lizard toxins
Ziconotide
Mistletoe toxins
Cyclotides
Non-ribosomal polypeptides
Glycopeptide antibiotics
Streptogramin antibiotics
-Lactam antibiotics
Other -lactams
Vitamins derived from amino acids
Further reading
Alkaloids
General aspects
Amino alkaloids
Aziridine alkaloids
Pyridine and piperidine alkaloids
Tropane alkaloids
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (Senecio alkaloids)
Quinolizidine alkaloids (Lupinus alkaloids)
Isoquinoline alkaloids
Protoberberine alkaloids
Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids
Bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids
Amaryllidaceae alkaloids
Benzophenanthridine alkaloids
Terpenoid tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids
Indole alkaloids
Simple indole alkaloids
Terpenoid indole alkaloids
Quinoline alkaloids
Imidazole alkaloids
Steroidal alkaloids
Aconitum alkaloids
Guanidinium alkaloids
Further reading
Purines and Pyrimidines
Purine derivatives
Biosynthesis
ATP
Coenzyme A (CoA)
Guanosine 5´-triphosphate (GTP)
Riboflavin
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
Caffeine, theobromine and theophylline
Pyrimidine derivatives
Uridine triphosphate (UTP)
Cytidine triphosphate (CTP)
Cytarabine (Ara-C)
Further reading
Phosphonates and phosphinates
Appendix I
Index
Biography
Gunnar Samuelsson
"The seventh edition of Drugs of Natural Origin. A Treatise
of Pharmacognosy preserves the same high standards as in
the sixth edition. Altogether, there are 12 chapters in this newly
revised edition, written by two internationally renowned
authors. The chapters are well organized, and at the end of
each chapter the authors provide a section for further reading
with primary references that could be used by the reader to
enhance the content found in the book on a particular topic. . . .
Currently, this book may be regarded as the leading text in
the area of pharmacognosy in the English language. The new
generation of scientists in the area of natural products and their
students will certainly benefit from this high-quality textbook.
In this reviewer’s opinion, this textbook should be available in
every university biomedical library and in the individual
collection of natural product researchers, as it is covers
multidisciplinary areas of applications, including biochemistry,
ethnomedicine, medicinal chemistry, and phytochemistry.
Kudos to the authors for this truly outstanding volume!"--Esperanza Carcache de Blanco, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States