A firm grasp of the functions of living organisms is one of the most important prerequisites to pharmacy study. The long-awaited second edition of Essentials of Human Physiology presents concepts in physiology in a way that prepares students for their subsequent study of pathophysiology, pharmacology, and pharmacotherapeutics.
Thoroughly revised and updated, this text maintains the clarity of the first edition, yet provides important new information to give students a solid grounding in some of the most important aspects of pharmacy. As with the first edition, the book begins with an overview of the fundamental aspects of cell membrane physiology with particular emphasis on nerve cell function. This is followed by a detailed discussion of the two major regulatory systems in the body: the nervous system and the endocrine system.
The book then continues with in-depth presentations of the reproductive, muscular, cardiovascular, immune, respiratory, digestive, and renal systems. An important focus throughout the text is how tissue and organ function are regulated in order to maintain homeostasis.
New in This Edition:
· All 19 chapters updated and expanded
· Revised and additional subsections of pharmacy applications
· New sections on medical terms with pronunciations and definitions
· New chapters on the reproductive and immune systems
· Additional figures and tables to clarify information
.
This book was written by Laurie Kelly McCorry, a professor of physiology for eighteen years. Using simple, straightforward language, the text presents the science of physiology clearly so that undergraduate students will understand the relevance of these concepts as they relate to the practice of pharmacy. By studying and mastering the principles in this text, students will develop a secure foundation in human physiology so that they are better equipped to meet the challenges in their pharmacy career.
PHYSIOLOGY AND THE CONCEPT OF HOMEOSTASIS
Study Objectives
Introduction
Homeostasis
Negative feedback
Positive feedback
Medical terminology
Bibliography
PLASMA MEMBRANE
Study objectives
Introduction
Structure and function of the plasma membrane
Membrane transport
Passive diffusion through the membrane
Osmosis
Mediated transport
Medical terminology
Bibliography
MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
Study objectives
Introduction
Development of the resting membrane potential
Medical terminology
Bibliography
ELECTRICAL SIGNALS
Study objectives
Introduction
Graded potentials
Action potentials
Conduction of the action potential
Medical terminology
Bibliography
SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION
Study objectives
Introduction
Chemical synapses
Summation
Interconnections between neurons
Factors affecting synaptic transmission
Altered release
Altered interaction of a neurotransmitter with
its receptor
Altered removal of a neurotransmitter from the
synaptic cleft
Replacement of a deficient neurotransmitter
Medical terminology
Bibliography
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Study objectives
Introduction
Classes of neurons
Major levels of central nervous system (CNS) function
The brain
Cerebrum
Functional regions of the cerebral cortex
Basal ganglia
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Brainstem
Cerebellum
Glial cells
Blood–brain barrier
Cerebrospinal fluid
Medical terminology
Bibliography
THE SPINAL CORD
Study objectives
Introduction
Functions of the spinal cord
Composition of the spinal cord
Gray matter
White matter
Ascending tracts
Descending tracts
Spinal reflexes
Withdrawal reflex
Crossed-extensor reflex
Medical terminology
Bibliography
PAIN
Study objectives
Introduction
Nociceptors
Fast pain and slow pain
Hyperalgesia
Neurotransmitters of the nociceptive afferent fibers
Pain pathway
Endogenous analgesic system
Gate control theory
Cutaneous pain
Deep somatic pain
Tissue ischemia
Muscle spasm
Visceral pain
Referred pain
Phantom pain
Pharmacologic treatment of pain
Nonnarcotic analgesics
Opioid analgesics
Adjuvant analgesics
Medical terminology
Bibliography
The AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Study objectives
Introduction
Regulation of autonomic nervous system activity
Efferent pathways of the autonomic nervous system
Divisions of the autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic division
Parasympathetic division
Neurotransmitters of the autonomic nervous system
Termination of neurotransmitter activity
Receptors for autonomic neurotransmitters
Functions of the autonomic nervous system
Adrenal medulla
Medical terminology
Bibliography
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Study objectives
Introduction
Biochemical classification of hormones
Transport of hormones
Hormone elimination
Functional classification of hormones
Hormone interactions
Mechanisms of hormone action
The pituitary gland
Relationship between the hypothalamus and the
pituitary gland
Negative feedback control of hormone release
Hormones of the neurohypophysis
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin
Hormones of the adenohypophysis
Gonadotropins
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Growth hormone (GH)
Thyroid gland
Thyroid hormones
Calcitonin
Parathyroid glands
Adrenal glands
Adrenal medulla
Adrenal cortex
Mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoids
Adrenal androgens
Pancreas
Insulin
Glucagon
Medical terminology
Bibliography
THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Study objectives
Introduction
Gametogenesis
Spermatogenesis
Oogenesis
Male reproductive system
Testes
Epididymides
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory ducts
Penis
Prostate
Seminal vesicles
Bulbourethral glands
Testosterone
Female reproductive system
Ovaries
Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Ovarian cycle
Follicular phase
Luteal phase
Hormonal regulation of the ovarian cycle
Medical terminology
Bibliography
SKELETAL MUSCLE
Study objectives
Introduction
Muscle tension and movement
Isometric versus isotonic contraction
Structure of skeletal muscle
Sarcomeres
Thick filaments
Thin filaments
Neuromuscular junction
Mechanism of contraction
Sources of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for muscle contraction
Muscle fatigue
Oxygen debt
Types of muscle fibers
Muscle mechanics
Number of muscle fibers contracting
Amount of tension developed by each contracting
muscle fiber
Medical terminology
Bibliography
Smooth muscle
Study objectives
Introduction
Structure of smooth muscle
Calcium and the mechanism of contraction
Smooth muscle contraction is slow and prolonged
Types of smooth muscle
Factors influencing the contractile activity of smooth muscle
Length–tension relationship
Hyperplasia
Medical terminology
Bibliography
CARDIAC PHYSIOLOGY
Study objectives
Introduction
Functional anatomy of the heart
Myocardial wall
Electrical activity of the heart
Electrocardiogram
Cardiac cycle
Ventricular filling
Isovolumetric contraction
Ejection
Isovolumetric relaxation
Medical terminology
Bibliography
CARDIAC OUTPUT
Study objectives
Introduction
Control of heart rate
Control of stroke volume
Effect of exercise on cardiac output
Medical terminology
Bibliography
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Study objectives
Introduction
The blood vessels
Blood pressure throughout the systemic circulation
Blood flow through a vessel
Regulation of arterial pressure
Autonomic nervous system
Vasomotor center
Baroreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Low-pressure receptors
Vasoactive substances
Vasoconstrictors
Vasodilators
Venous return
Blood volume
Sympathetic stimulation of the veins
Skeletal muscle activity
Respiratory activity
Effects of gravity on the circulatory system
Regulation of blood flow through tissues
Active hyperemia
Autoregulation
Effects of acute exercise on the circulatory system
Capillary exchange
Medical terminology
Bibliography
BLOOD AND HEMOSTASIS
Study objectives
Introduction
Plasma
Erythrocytes
Blood types
Leukocytes
Platelets
Hemostasis
Vascular constriction
Formation of a platelet plug
Blood coagulation
Positive feedback nature of clot formation
Clot dissolution
Prevention of blood clotting and platelet aggregation in
the normal vascular system
Medical terminology
Bibliography
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Study objectives
Introduction
Agents of infectious disease
Effector cells of the immune system
Immune responses
Innate immune system
Inflammation
Defense by tissue macrophages
Localized vasodilation
Increased capillary permeability
Localized edema
Walling off of the inflamed area
Infiltration of phagocytes
Opsonization
Phagocytosis
Interferon
Natural killer cells
Complement system
Adaptive immune system
Antibody-mediated immunity
Classification of antibodies
Structure of antibodies
Actions of antibodies
Clonal selection theory
Primary versus secondary responses
Active versus passive immunity
Cell-mediated immunity
Types of T cells
Actions of T cells
MHC molecules
Medical terminology
Bibliography
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Study objectives
Introduction
Blood–gas interface
Airways
Epithelium
Cartilage
The pleura
Mechanics of breathing
Thoracic volume
Inspiration
Expiration
Lung volume
Pulmonary pressures
Elastic behavior of the lungs
Interdependence
Airway resistance
Lung volume
Airway obstruction
Bronchial smooth muscle tone
Ventilation
Standard lung volumes
Total ventilation
Alveolar ventilation
Dead space
Diffusion
Partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Ventilation–perfusion matching
Gas transport in the blood
Transport of oxygen
Factors affecting the transport of oxygen
Transport of carbon dioxide
Regulation of ventilation
Chemoreceptor response to decreased arterial PO
Chemoreceptor response to increased arterial PCO
Chemoreceptor response to increased arterial
hydrogen ion concentration
Ventilatory response to exercise
Medical terminology
Bibliography
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Study objectives
Introduction
The digestive tract wall
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa
Regulation of gastrointestinal function
Intrinsic nerve plexuses
Extrinsic autonomic nerves
Gastrointestinal hormones
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Gastric motility
Gastric secretion
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Transport of bile and pancreatic juice to the small intestine
Small intestine
Motility of the small intestine
Digestion and absorption in the small intestine
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Water and electrolytes
Large intestine
Motility of the large intestine
Secretion of the large intestine
Medical terminology
Bibliography
THE RENAL SYSTEM
Study objectives
Introduction
Functional anatomy of the kidneys
Vascular component
Tubular component
Basic renal processes
Glomerular filtration
Filtration barrier
Determinants of filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Sodium reabsorption
Chloride reabsorption
Water reabsorption
Production of urine of varying concentrations
Vasa recta
Tubular secretion
Potassium ion secretion
Hydrogen ion secretion
Plasma clearance
Renal blood flow
Autoregulation
Myogenic mechanism
Tubuloglomerular feedback
Resistance of the afferent arteriole
Sympathetic nerves
Angiotensin II
Prostaglandins
Control of sodium excretion: regulation of plasma volume
Control of water excretion: regulation of plasma osmolarity
Medical terminology
Bibliography
INDEX
Biography
Laurie Kelly McCorry
