288 Pages 35 B/W Illustrations
    by CRC Press

    When forensic recoveries are properly processed and recorded, they are a major intelligence source for crime investigators and analysts. The majority of publications about forensic science cover best practices and basic advice about evidence recovery and storage. Forensic Intelligence takes the subject of forensics one step further and describes how to use the evidence recovered at crime scenes for extended analysis and the dissemination of new forensic intelligence.

    The book draws on the author’s 40 years of experience as a crime scene examiner, latent print examiner, and the Head of Forensic Intelligence, New Scotland Yard, in the London Metropolitan Police Intelligence Bureau (MIB). It supplies practical advice on how to use all forensic recoveries in a modern, analysis-driven, intelligence-led policing environment. The text covers evidentiary procedures related to each of the main crime types, as well as the production of intelligence products from police data.

    Accompanying the book are downloadable resources with a plethora of additional resources, including Treadmark Express footwear evidence software; exemplar templates for the input of forensics, behaviours, and method data into intelligence systems; and other material.

    This reliable resource is designed for police services of all sizes and capabilities—from the largest organizations with thousands of employees and big budgets down to the smallest department with a few officers. By mastering the basic crime recording and intelligence processes in this volume, investigators can make the best use of all their forensic recoveries.

    CD ROM Contents:

    Treadmark Express Footwear Evidence Software and User’s Manual
    Operation Bigfoot Footwear Pattern Distribution Graphs (London 2005)
    Example CSI Forensic Intelligence Template
    Shoe and tool Marks Coding Document
    Report on the Vision of Forensic Intelligence and Strategic Thinking
    A Unified Format Spreadsheet for Merging Drug Legacy Data from Different Forensic Science Laboratories
    Forensic Intelligence Report (FIR) Template
    Role Description Example–Forensic Intelligence Manager
    Footwear Intelligence Process Map
    Ballistics Intelligence Process Map–Inputs & Outputs

    Introducing Forensic Intelligence
    Semantics: ‘Forensics’ and ‘Intelligence’
    Forensic Intelligence: Professor Olivier Ribaux’s Definition
    Forensic Intelligence: A Working Definition
    The Concept of ‘Entities’ in Police Recording Systems
    Does Your Forensic Services Staff Have Access or Input to Your Intelligence Systems?
    Access to Forensic Support Resources
    Forensic Intelligence in Intelligence-Led Policing
    The Origins of Forensic Intelligence
    Estimating the Number of Current Offenders
    Has Modern Forensics Had an Impact on Crime Reduction?
    The Beginnings of a Concept of Forensic Intelligence
    The Introduction of Information Technology: From the 1980s Onward
    COMPSTAT
    Police Intelligence Models and the Language of Intelligence-Led Policing
    ‘Intelligence Is What It Does’: A Definition
    Police Intelligence Models
    The Four Levels of Crime Divisions in Crime Intelligence Models
    New York Police Department: COMPSTAT
    Intelligence Assets
    Knowledge Assets
    System Assets
    Intelligence Assets
    The Four Generic Intelligence Products and the Aims of COMPSTAT Intelligence Sources
    Intelligence Handling Codes
    The 5 × 5 × 5 System as Used in Grading Intelligence
    Forensics as Intelligence Sources
    The Collection of Forensic Intelligence
    Police Forensic Business Models
    A Short History of Forensic Intelligence in the Metropolitan Police
    An Early Forensic Intelligence Tool Mark Case Example from the Late 1990s
    The Metropolitan Police Modernise for the Twenty-First Century
    Forensic Intelligence Development in the Metropolitan Police, 2002–2008
    Where Forensic Intelligence Should Fit within Police Organisations

    The Value of Forensics in Crime Analysis and Intelligence
    Intelligence Features of Forensic Evidence Types
    Linking Cases and Comparative Case Analysis
    The Different Forms of Case Linking in Criminal Analysis
    Varieties of Forms of Case Linking
    Receiver Operator Characteristics
    Truth and Probability
    The Crime Detection and Prosecution Rectangle
    The Values of Forensics in Case Linking
    A Footwear Evidence Persistence Case Example
    A Linked Homicide Case Example
    Dealing with Forensic Crime Links and Clusters
    A Footwear Mark Cluster Example
    Footwear Evidence Frequency Evaluation
    Forensic Legacy Data
    Legacy Data and the FSS Sexual Assault Forensic Intelligence Service
    Improving the Potential of Legacy Data Use
    The Importance of Regular Meetings
    The Different Experiences of CSIs and Analysts

    Research and Analytical Processes
    The Nine Analytical Techniques
    Crime Pattern Analysis
    The Radex and Smallest-Space Analysis in Crime Analysis
    Descriptions of Terms in Figure 3.1
    The Value of Improving Forensic Support in Problem-Oriented Policing and Crime Pattern Analysis
    Market Profiles
    Demographic and Social Trend Analysis
    Criminal Business Profiles
    Network Analysis
    Profile or Target (Subject) Profile Analysis
    Results Analysis
    Risk Analysis
    Operational Intelligence Assessments
    The Daily Work of the Crime Analyst
    The Daily Work of an Analyst
    The Daily Work of a Forensically Aware Forensic Intelligence Analyst
    The Aims and Objectives of Incorporating Forensics into Crime Analysis
    A Structure for Dealing with Forensic Intelligence
    A Forensic Intelligence Process Route Map
    The Input of Forensic Intelligence into Intelligence-Led Policing
    Common Policing Problems Inhibiting Forensic Intelligence
    The CSI’s Role in Forensic Intelligence
    The Forensic Services Team
    Intelligence Features of Forensic Evidence Types

    Forensic Evidence Recovery, Processing, and Best Practice
    Purposes and Objectives of Crime Scene Examinations
    Inhibitors to Effective Uses of Crime Scene Examinations, Forensic Recoveries in Linking Crimes, and in Contributing to the Production of Intelligence Products
    Rights or Not to Obtain or Seize Forensic Material from Offenders
    An Example of Volume Crime Practices Inhibiting a Serious Investigation
    The Advantages of Databasing and Managing Collections of Forensic Evidence
    A Scenes of Crime Field Force Checklist for Effective Management of Forensics
    Using Intervention Rates and Forensic Recovery Frequencies in Crime Analysis
    Issues around Positive and Negative Management Techniques of Forensic Support
    Questions That Police and Forensic Managers Need to Ask Themselves
    The Issue of Areas Disclosed in Forensic Marks as an Enabler of Forensic Intelligence
    Best Practice in Using the Main Forensic Evidence Types
    Automatic Fingerprint Identification Systems and Their Characteristics
    The Four Factors at Work in Existing Miss Rates with AFIS
    Forensic Strategies to Make the Best Use of AFIS
    Fingerprint Laboratory Support
    Using DNA Matches and Crime Scene Links Effectively
    An Inhibited DNA Casework Example
    DNA Databases and eDNA
    Significance of DNA Forensic Crime Scene Intervention and Recovery Rates
    Forensic Problem Profiles and the Concept of the Forensic Intelligence Report

    Best Practice in Recovery of Forensic Evidence from Crime Scenes
    Dealing with Crime Scenes
    Crime Scene Examinations of Serious and Volume Crimes
    Footwear Evidence Best Practice
    Dealing with Footwear Marks Found Whilst Powdering for Latent Prints
    Using Gelatine Lifters
    Scanning Covered Gelatine Lifts
    Preservation and Packaging of Gelatine Footwear Mark Lifters
    Covering Gelatine Volume Crime Lifts
    Re-covering Technique for Gelatine Lifts
    Using Transparent Adhesive Lifters
    Photographing Footwear Marks
    Electrostatic Dust Mark Lifting (ESL)
    Dealing with Electrostatic Lifts
    Dealing with Dental Stone Casts
    Marks in Snow
    Dealing with Suspected Offenders’ Footwear
    Inkless Printing of Offenders’ Shoes
    Packaging Footwear
    Footwear Forensic Computer Systems
    Submitting Footwear Marks to the Laboratory
    Footwear Comparisons
    Serious Crime Footwear Cases
    Instrument (Tool) Marks
    Basic Principles
    The Evidential Value of Instrument (Tool) Marks
    Identification at Crime Scenes
    Types of Instrument Marks Found at Crime Scenes
    Retrieval of Instrument Marks
    Recording of Information from Instrument Marks
    Packaging of Exhibits
    Intelligence Value of Instrument Marks
    Coding Tool Marks for Input to Police Systems
    Casting Instrument Marks
    Isomark, Microsil, and Casting Putty Materials
    Other Evidence Types
    Ballistics
    Manufacturing Marks
    Evidential Value of Manufacturing Marks
    Physical Fits
    Contact Trace Evidence
    Glass
    General Comments
    Types of Glass
    How Glass Breaks
    Taking Control of Glass Samples
    Multiple Control Samples
    From Which Side Was the Window Broken?
    Packaging Glass Samples
    Dealing with Suspects
    Hair Combings
    Paint Evidence
    Household Paint
    Vehicle Paint
    Sampling Household and Vehicle Paint
    Miscellaneous Traces
    Cosmetics
    Oils and Greases
    Plastics, Rubbers, and Adhesives
    Soil, Safe Ballast, and Building Materials
    Metals
    Other
    Noxious Chemicals
    Other Substances

    The Implementation of Intelligence-Led Policing
    Common Intelligence Standards and Their Introduction: The London Experience
    Protocols for the Use of QQCSE CRIMINT Logs
    The Practicalities of Introducing Intelligence-Led Policing
    Intelligence Unit Structure
    Intelligence Unit Roles
    Intelligence Unit Manager
    The Gatekeeper
    Researcher
    Crime Analyst
    Intelligence Log Supervisor
    Field Officers
    Tasking and Briefing Slide Officer
    Forensic Intelligence Researcher or Analyst
    Must a Police Service Work under an Intelligence-Led Model to Benefit from Forensic Intelligence?
    Forensic Intelligence: A US Academic’s View
    The Innocence Project
    Is Intelligence-Led Policing Difficult to Implement?
    More International Perspectives on Forensic Intelligence
    The UK NPIA Forensics Programme
    The Forensics Custody Suite Process Work Stream toward a Better Forensic Intelligence Model
    US National Forensic Science Technology Centre
    Introducing Intelligence-Led Policing: A Review

    Forensic Intelligence Applied to Different Crime Types
    Forensic Intelligence and Volume Crime: A Checklist
    The Importance of Service Champions in Delivering Intelligence-Led Procedures including Forensics
    The Importance of the Effective Use of Digital Technology
    A Case Study: The Barkingside Jewellery Burglar, 2002–2006
    Setting Up a Forensic Intelligence Capability
    Forensic Intelligence in Arson Investigation
    The Arson Crime Partnership Data Structure Outline
    Some Arson Casework Examples
    Exterior and Vehicle Fire Setting by Youths in North London
    The Islington Traveller—‘Fuel Available’—Arsonist
    The Broadlove Lane Neighbourhood Arsonist
    The Oxford Street Department Store Arsonist
    The 10-Point Plan for Arson Investigation
    Forensic Intelligence Possibilities in Dealing with Illicit Drug Marketing

    The Need for Investment in Information Technology
    General Information on Foster & Freeman Shoeprint, Image, Capture, and Retrieval System (SICAR)
    SICAR Reference Databases
    SoleMate
    TreadMate
    Operating Outline of System
    A SICAR Casework Example: Incident No. 20410—The Coventry Murder
    Partial Identification of the Footwear Mark
    The Footwear Mark Is Referred to Foster & Freeman
    Court Case Results in a Successful Conviction
    General Information on Treadmark Footwear Evidence Storage, Screening, and Comparison Software
    Treadmark in the Leicestershire Constabulary: An Outline
    The Legal Aspects of Using Treadmark in the UK
    The Police Officer’s Role
    Procedure in Preserving Footwear Evidence
    The Internal Processes by Footwear Examiners
    A Typical Leicestershire Volume Crime Linked Case Example
    Advice from Leicestershire Constabulary Regarding Treadmark
    Intelligence Software Solutions
    Memex Law Enforcement: Case Software—A Police Casework Solution
    Overview: Case Formation
    Lifetime Case Information
    Case Linking
    Protected Records in Memex Case
    Forensic Intelligence: A Summary

    References
    Index

    Biography

    Bob Milne has completed nearly 40 years of service with the Metropolitan Police Forensic Services Directorate, New Scotland Yard, as a forensic practitioner in the roles of ACPO registered fingerprint expert, crime scene examiner, and manager. He has written articles and made presentations on electrostatic mark lifting, the mathematics of scene linking, the crime mapping of forensic evidence, forensic intelligence in arson investigation, the design of self-contained sequential treatment fingerprint laboratories, and on the subject of forensics in intelligence-led policing. Bob is the inventor of the Pathfinder three-electrode wireless electrostatic dust mark lifter system used by CSIs worldwide. Since retiring from the Met Police in 2008, he has worked in the role of technical consultant with Crime Scene Investigation Equipment Ltd, developing and improving crime scene examination equipment and forensics software applications. In 2011, he became an associate fire investigator with Fire Investigations (UK) LLP and Fire Investigations Global LLP, a role that is ongoing.

    "This text is a must for professional crime scene investigators who cannot afford not to have access to this publication through their professional and/or personal forensic library."
    — John Horswell FSSocDip FFSSoc, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

     

    "This book is very informative and it will serve well as a point of reference for not only the Crime Scene Investigator but for anyone who is involved in Intelligence Led Policing, and it is indeed an asset."

    - Thane Pierre