2nd Edition
Fungal Pathogenesis in Plants and Crops Molecular Biology and Host Defense Mechanisms, Second Edition
By P. Vidhyasekaran
Copyright 2008
534 Pages
92 B/W Illustrations
by
CRC Press
536 Pages
by
CRC Press
Also available as eBook on:
Dramatic progress in molecular biology and genetic engineering has recently produced an unparalleled wealth of information on the mechanisms of plant and pathogen interactions at the cellular and molecular levels. Completely revised and expanded, Fungal Pathogenesis in Plants and Crops: Molecular Biology and Host Defense Mechanisms, Second Edition offers fresh insight into the interplay of signaling systems in plant and pathogen interactions. The book delineates the battle between plant and fungal pathogen and the complex signaling systems involved.
See what's new in the Second Edition:
The book describes the weapons used by fungal pathogens to evade or suppress the host defense mechanisms. It covers each fungal infection process from initial contact and penetration to the subsequent invasion and symptom development. The author explains complex signaling systems in the plant-pathogen interface with flow charts and provides drawings elucidating the biosynthetic pathway of secondary metabolites. He includes figures that highlight cutting-edge breakthroughs in molecular science and tables documenting important findings in the field of molecular plant pathology. These features and more make this book not only the most up to date resource in the field, but also the most important.
PERCEPTION AND TRANSDUCTION OF PLANT SIGNALS IN PATHOGENS
Introduction
Signaling and Transduction Systems in ''First Touch'' and Adhesion of Fungal Spores
Signaling in Fungal Spore Germination
Signaling in Differentiation of Germ Tubes into Infection Structures
Signal Transduction in Fungal Pathogenesis
Genes Involved in Formation of Infection Structures
Signals in Fungal Infection Process
Conclusion
References
PERCEPTION AND TRANSDUCTION OF PATHOGEN SIGNALS IN PLANTS
Introduction
What Are Elicitors?
Oligosaccharide Elicitors
Protein Peptide Elicitors
Glycoprotein Elicitors
Lipid Elicitors
Toxins as Elicitor Molecules
Plant Cell Wall-Degrading Enzymes as Elicitors
Race-Specific and Cultivar-Specific Elicitors
Specificity of General Elicitors
Endogenous Oligogalacturonide Elicitors
Multiple Elicitors May Be Needed to Activate Defense Responses
Availability of Fungal Elicitors at the Site of Fungal Invasion in Plants
Receptors for Elicitor Signals in Plant Cell Membrane
Calcium Ion May Act as Second Messenger
Phosphorylation of Proteins as a Component in Signal Transduction System
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Cascades in Signal Transduction
Phospholipid-Signaling System
Anion Channels in Signal Transduction
Extracellular Alkalinization and Cytoplasmic Acidification in Signaling System
Reactive Oxygen Species in Signal Transduction
Nitric Oxide in Signal Transduction
Salicylic Acid-Signaling System
Jasmonate-Signaling Pathway
Role of Systemin in Signal Transduction System
Ethylene-Dependent Signaling Pathway
Abscisic Acid Signaling
Fatty Acids as Systemic Signal Molecules
Other Signaling Systems
Network and Interplay of Signaling Pathways
Induction of Defense Genes May Require Different Signal Transduction Systems
Perception and Transduction of Pathogen Signals in Plants Leading to Susceptibility
Signaling Systems in Susceptible Interactions
Conclusion
References
DISEASE RESISTANCE AND SUSCEPTIBILITY GENES IN SIGNAL PERCEPTION AND EMISSION
Introduction
Molecular Structure of Resistance Genes
Classification of Resistance Genes based on Molecular Structure of R Gene-Encoded Proteins
Molecular Structure of Recessive Genes
Perception of Pathogen Signals by Resistance Genes
Activation of R Protein and Emission of Signals to Other Components in the Cell
Downstream Components of R Gene Signaling Systems
Downstream Signaling Events in R Gene-Mediated Resistance
Susceptibility Genes in Signal Transduction
Conclusion
References
CELL DEATH PROGRAMS DURING FUNGAL PATHOGENESIS
Introduction
Cell Death in Resistant Interactions
Molecular Mechanism of Induction of Hypersensitive Cell Death
Molecular Mechanism of Induction of Spontaneous Cell Death
Molecular Mechanism of Induction of Runaway Cell Death
Role of Cell Death in Induction of Systemic Acquired Resistance
Susceptibility-Related Cell Death
Molecular Mechanisms in Induction of Cell Death in Susceptible Interactions
What Is the Function of Cell Death in Fungal Pathogenesis?
Conclusion
References
CELL WALL DEGRADATION AND FORTIFICATION
Introduction
Structure of Cuticle
Penetration of Epicuticular Waxy Layer by Pathogens
Production of Cutinases to Breach Cuticle Barrier
Genes Encoding Cutinases
Plant Signals Triggering Fungal Cutinases
Importance of Cutinases in Penetration of Cuticle
Cutinases as Virulence Pathogenicity Factors
Melanins in Fungal Penetration of Cuticle Barrier
Degradation of Pectic Polysaccharides
Pathogens Produce Cellulolytic Enzymes to Breach Cell Wall Barrier
Fungal Hemicellulases in Plant Cell Wall Degradation
Degradation of Cell Wall Structural Proteins
Requirement of Several Cell Wall-Degrading Enzymes to Degrade the Complex-Natured Cell Wall
Production of Suitable Enzymes in Appropriate Sequence by Fungal Pathogens
Reinforcement of Host Cell Wall during Fungal Invasion
Papillae Suppress Fungal Penetration
Callose Deposition in Cell Wall
How Do Pathogens Overcome the Papillae and Callose Barriers?
Cell Wall-Bound Phenolics and Lignins
Suberization during Fungal Pathogenesis
Deposition of Mineral Elements in Host Cell Wall in Response to Fungal Invasion
Conclusion
References
INDUCTION AND EVASION OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED PROTEINS
Introduction
Multiplicity of PR Proteins
Classification of PR Proteins
Induction of PR Proteins during Fungal Pathogenesis
Genes Encoding PR Proteins
Transcription of PR Genes
Signals Involved in Transcriptional Induction of PR Genes
PR Proteins Are Synthesized as Larger Precursors
Secretion of PR Proteins
PR Proteins May Be Involved in Inhibition of Pathogen Development
PR Proteins May Be Involved in Triggering Disease Resistance
How Do Pathogens Overcome Fungitoxic PR Proteins of the Host?
Conclusion
References
EVASION AND DETOXIFICATION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES
Introduction
Chemical Structural Classes of Phytoalexins
Biosynthesis of Isoflavonoid Phytoalexins
Biosynthesis of Flavanone Phytoalexins
Biosynthesis of Coumarin Phytoalexins
Biosynthesis of Stilbene Phytoalexins
Biosynthesis of Terpenoid Phytoalexins
Biosynthesis of Indole-Based Sulfur-Containing Phytoalexins
Biosynthesis of Alkaloid Phytoalexins
Site of Synthesis of Phytoalexins
Phytoalexins Are Fungitoxic
How Do Pathogens Overcome the Antifungal Phytoalexins?
Chemical Structural Classes of Phytoanticipins
Phenolics as Phytoanticipins
Toxicity of Phenolics to Pathogens
How Does Pathogen Overcome the Antifungal Phenolics?
Saponins as Phytoanticipins
Glucosinolates as Phytoanticipins
Cyanogenic Glucosides
Dienes
Conclusion
References
TOXINS IN DISEASE SYMPTOM DEVELOPMENT
Introduction
Importance of Toxins in Disease Development
Toxins Suppress Host-Defense Mechanisms
Toxins Cause Cell Membrane Dysfunction
How Do Pathogens Induce Membrane Dysfunction only in Susceptible Hosts?
Conclusion
References
Index
Introduction
Signaling and Transduction Systems in ''First Touch'' and Adhesion of Fungal Spores
Signaling in Fungal Spore Germination
Signaling in Differentiation of Germ Tubes into Infection Structures
Signal Transduction in Fungal Pathogenesis
Genes Involved in Formation of Infection Structures
Signals in Fungal Infection Process
Conclusion
References
PERCEPTION AND TRANSDUCTION OF PATHOGEN SIGNALS IN PLANTS
Introduction
What Are Elicitors?
Oligosaccharide Elicitors
Protein Peptide Elicitors
Glycoprotein Elicitors
Lipid Elicitors
Toxins as Elicitor Molecules
Plant Cell Wall-Degrading Enzymes as Elicitors
Race-Specific and Cultivar-Specific Elicitors
Specificity of General Elicitors
Endogenous Oligogalacturonide Elicitors
Multiple Elicitors May Be Needed to Activate Defense Responses
Availability of Fungal Elicitors at the Site of Fungal Invasion in Plants
Receptors for Elicitor Signals in Plant Cell Membrane
Calcium Ion May Act as Second Messenger
Phosphorylation of Proteins as a Component in Signal Transduction System
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Cascades in Signal Transduction
Phospholipid-Signaling System
Anion Channels in Signal Transduction
Extracellular Alkalinization and Cytoplasmic Acidification in Signaling System
Reactive Oxygen Species in Signal Transduction
Nitric Oxide in Signal Transduction
Salicylic Acid-Signaling System
Jasmonate-Signaling Pathway
Role of Systemin in Signal Transduction System
Ethylene-Dependent Signaling Pathway
Abscisic Acid Signaling
Fatty Acids as Systemic Signal Molecules
Other Signaling Systems
Network and Interplay of Signaling Pathways
Induction of Defense Genes May Require Different Signal Transduction Systems
Perception and Transduction of Pathogen Signals in Plants Leading to Susceptibility
Signaling Systems in Susceptible Interactions
Conclusion
References
DISEASE RESISTANCE AND SUSCEPTIBILITY GENES IN SIGNAL PERCEPTION AND EMISSION
Introduction
Molecular Structure of Resistance Genes
Classification of Resistance Genes based on Molecular Structure of R Gene-Encoded Proteins
Molecular Structure of Recessive Genes
Perception of Pathogen Signals by Resistance Genes
Activation of R Protein and Emission of Signals to Other Components in the Cell
Downstream Components of R Gene Signaling Systems
Downstream Signaling Events in R Gene-Mediated Resistance
Susceptibility Genes in Signal Transduction
Conclusion
References
CELL DEATH PROGRAMS DURING FUNGAL PATHOGENESIS
Introduction
Cell Death in Resistant Interactions
Molecular Mechanism of Induction of Hypersensitive Cell Death
Molecular Mechanism of Induction of Spontaneous Cell Death
Molecular Mechanism of Induction of Runaway Cell Death
Role of Cell Death in Induction of Systemic Acquired Resistance
Susceptibility-Related Cell Death
Molecular Mechanisms in Induction of Cell Death in Susceptible Interactions
What Is the Function of Cell Death in Fungal Pathogenesis?
Conclusion
References
CELL WALL DEGRADATION AND FORTIFICATION
Introduction
Structure of Cuticle
Penetration of Epicuticular Waxy Layer by Pathogens
Production of Cutinases to Breach Cuticle Barrier
Genes Encoding Cutinases
Plant Signals Triggering Fungal Cutinases
Importance of Cutinases in Penetration of Cuticle
Cutinases as Virulence Pathogenicity Factors
Melanins in Fungal Penetration of Cuticle Barrier
Degradation of Pectic Polysaccharides
Pathogens Produce Cellulolytic Enzymes to Breach Cell Wall Barrier
Fungal Hemicellulases in Plant Cell Wall Degradation
Degradation of Cell Wall Structural Proteins
Requirement of Several Cell Wall-Degrading Enzymes to Degrade the Complex-Natured Cell Wall
Production of Suitable Enzymes in Appropriate Sequence by Fungal Pathogens
Reinforcement of Host Cell Wall during Fungal Invasion
Papillae Suppress Fungal Penetration
Callose Deposition in Cell Wall
How Do Pathogens Overcome the Papillae and Callose Barriers?
Cell Wall-Bound Phenolics and Lignins
Suberization during Fungal Pathogenesis
Deposition of Mineral Elements in Host Cell Wall in Response to Fungal Invasion
Conclusion
References
INDUCTION AND EVASION OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED PROTEINS
Introduction
Multiplicity of PR Proteins
Classification of PR Proteins
Induction of PR Proteins during Fungal Pathogenesis
Genes Encoding PR Proteins
Transcription of PR Genes
Signals Involved in Transcriptional Induction of PR Genes
PR Proteins Are Synthesized as Larger Precursors
Secretion of PR Proteins
PR Proteins May Be Involved in Inhibition of Pathogen Development
PR Proteins May Be Involved in Triggering Disease Resistance
How Do Pathogens Overcome Fungitoxic PR Proteins of the Host?
Conclusion
References
EVASION AND DETOXIFICATION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES
Introduction
Chemical Structural Classes of Phytoalexins
Biosynthesis of Isoflavonoid Phytoalexins
Biosynthesis of Flavanone Phytoalexins
Biosynthesis of Coumarin Phytoalexins
Biosynthesis of Stilbene Phytoalexins
Biosynthesis of Terpenoid Phytoalexins
Biosynthesis of Indole-Based Sulfur-Containing Phytoalexins
Biosynthesis of Alkaloid Phytoalexins
Site of Synthesis of Phytoalexins
Phytoalexins Are Fungitoxic
How Do Pathogens Overcome the Antifungal Phytoalexins?
Chemical Structural Classes of Phytoanticipins
Phenolics as Phytoanticipins
Toxicity of Phenolics to Pathogens
How Does Pathogen Overcome the Antifungal Phenolics?
Saponins as Phytoanticipins
Glucosinolates as Phytoanticipins
Cyanogenic Glucosides
Dienes
Conclusion
References
TOXINS IN DISEASE SYMPTOM DEVELOPMENT
Introduction
Importance of Toxins in Disease Development
Toxins Suppress Host-Defense Mechanisms
Toxins Cause Cell Membrane Dysfunction
How Do Pathogens Induce Membrane Dysfunction only in Susceptible Hosts?
Conclusion
References
Index
Biography
P. Vidhyasekaran
