2nd Edition
Introduction to Liquid Crystals Chemistry and Physics, Second Edition
Introduction to Liquid Crystals: Chemistry and Physics, Second Edition relies on only introductory level chemistry and physics as the foundation for understanding liquid crystal science. Liquid crystals combine the material properties of solids with the flow properties of fluids. As such they have provided the foundation for a revolution in low-power, flat-panel display technology (LCDs). In this book, the essential elements of liquid crystal science are introduced and explained from the perspectives of both the chemist and physicist. This new edition relies on only introductory level physics and chemistry as the foundation for understanding liquid crystal science and is, therefore, ideal for students and recent graduates.
Features
- Introduces and explains the essential elements of liquid crystal science, including discussion of how liquid crystals have been utilized for innovative and important applications. New to this edition are over 300 figures, 90 end-of chapter exercises, and an increased scope that includes recent developments.
- Combines the knowledge of two eminent scientists in the field; they have fully updated and expanded the text to cover undergraduate/graduate course work as well as current research in what is now a billion-dollar industry.
- Immerses the reader in the vocabulary, structures, data, and kinetic models, rapidly building up an understanding of the theories and models in current use.
- Begins with a historical account of the discovery of liquid crystals and continues with a description of how different phases are generated and how different molecular architectures affect liquid crystal properties.
Chapter 1 Welcome to a Delicate and Special Phase of Matter
1.1 PHASES OF MATTER
1.2 ORIENTATIONAL AND POSITIONAL ORDER
1.3 TYPES OF LIQUID CRYSTALS
1.4 LIQUID CRYSTAL PHASES
1.5 COMPLEX MOLECULAR ARCHITECTURES
1.6 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAYS
1.7 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Chapter 2 A Liquid Crystal - What is it?
2.1 FACE-TO-FACE WITH LIQUID CRYSTALS
2.2 POLYMORPHISM AND HEATS OF TRANSITION
2.3 MIXING SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS
2.4 PERIODIC ORDER AND LENGTH SCALES IN 1D, 2D,
AND 3D SYSTEMS
2.5 STRUCTURAL ARRANGEMENTS IN LIQUID CRYSTALS
2.6 DYNAMICS AND FLUCTUATIONS IN LIQUID CRYSTALS
Chapter 3 Nature’s Anisotropic Fluids - It’s All About Direction
3.1 ANISOTROPY
3.2 TENSOR ALGEBRA
3.3 ORDER PARAMETERS AND THEIR MEASUREMENT
3.4 UNIAXIAL VS. BIAXIAL ORDER
3.5 ELECTRIC AND OPTICAL ANISOTROPY
3.6 MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE
3.7 CONTINUUM THEORY
3.8 DISCLINATIONS AND DEFECTS
Chapter 4 Theoretical Insights - So Many Possibilities
4.1 LANDAU-DEGENNES THEORY
4.2 MAIER-SAUPE THEORY
4.3 ONSAGER THEORY
4.4 EXTENSIONS TO THE SMECTIC PHASE
4.5 PRETRANSITIONAL FLUCTUATIONS
4.6 SIMULATION TECHNIQUES
4.7 DEFECT PHASES
4.8 SELF-ASSEMBLY THEORY
Chapter 5 Calamitic Liquid Crystals - Rods, Kinks, and Molecular Design
5.1 THE MOLECULAR BUILDING BLOCKS OF CALAMITIC
LIQUID CRYSTALS
5.2 SELF-ORGANIZATION VERSUS SELF-ASSEMBLY
5.3 NANO- AND MICRO-PHASE SEGREGATION
5.4 CALAMITIC LIQUID CRYSTALS AND PHASE TRANSITIONS
5.5 CHEMICAL MOIETY SELECTION
5.6 ASPECT RATIOS IN MOLECULAR DESIGN OF CALAMITIC
PHASES
5.7 CONJUGATION, POLARIZABILITY, AND SUPRAMOLECULAR
ASPECT RATIOS
5.8 LATERAL INTERACTIONS AND BIAXIAL PHASES
5.9 EFFECT OF ASPECT RATIOS AND LAYER FORMATION
5.10 TILTING IN SMECTIC PHASES 173
Chapter 6 Discotic Liquid Crystals - Stacking the Dishes and the Bowls
6.1 PILING UP THE PENNIES AND DISCOTIC LIQUID CRYSTALS
6.2 STRUCTURES OF MESOPHASES FORMED BY DISK-LIKE
MOLECULES
6.3 CHEMICAL MOIETY SELECTION - HARD DISKS
6.4 CHEMICAL MOEITY SELECTION - DISK PERIPHERY
6.5 CHEMICAL MOIETY SELECTION - DISK THICKNESS
6.6 CHEMICAL MOIETY SELECTION - CHANGING THE DISKLIKE
CORES
6.7 DISCOTICS WITH CONNECTED DISKS
6.8 DISCOTICS WITH DONUT RINGS
6.9 DISCOTICS WITH BOWLIC CORES
6.10 DISCOTIC SUPERMOLECULES WITH HYBRID COLUMNAR
AND CALAMITIC STRUCTURES
Chapter 7 Chiral Liquid Crystals - Twisted and Frustrated
7.1 HANDED LIQUID CRYSTALS
7.2 MOLECULAR ASYMMETRY AND DISSYMMETRY IN LIQUID
CRYSTALS
7.3 OPTICAL PURITY AND ENANTIOMERIC EXCESS
7.4 SYMMETRY BREAKING FOR LOCAL SPACE SYMMETRY
AND FORM CHIRALITY
7.5 HELICAL STRUCTURES OF VARIOUS LIQUID CRYSTAL
PHASES
7.6 NON-HELICAL CHIRAL LIQUID CRYSTAL PHASES
7.7 CHIRAL MESOPHASES SUPPORTED BY THE FORMATION
OF DEFECTS
7.8 CHIRALMESOPHASESANDCONGLOMERATESFORMED
BY ACHIRAL MATERIALS
7.9 CONNECTING LOCAL CHIRALITY TO MACROSCOPIC
CHIRALITY
Chapter 8 Bent-Core Liquid Crystals - It’s Bananas
8.1 MOLECULES OF UNCONVENTIONAL STRUCTURE
8.2 BROKEN SYMMETRY IN BENT-CORE PHASES
8.3 THE BIAXIAL NEMATIC PHASE
8.4 THE B2 PHASE AND LAMELLAR SUB-PHASES
8.5 THE B1 PHASE AND ITS COLUMNAR SUB-PHASES
8.6 SPLAY AND MODULATED STRUCTURES IN B PHASES
Chapter 9 Lyotropic Liquid Crystals - Wet ’n’ Dry
9.1 AMPHIPHILES AND LYOTROPIC LIQUID CRYSTALS
9.2 AMPHIPHILES AND MICELLES
9.3 THE STRUCTURE OF LYOTROPIC LIQUID CRYSTALS
9.4 THE LAMELLAR LYOTROPIC LIQUID CRYSTAL PHASE
9.5 THE HEXAGONAL LYOTROPIC LIQUID CRYSTAL PHASES
9.6 THE DISCONTINUOUS CUBIC LYOTROPIC LIQUID
CRYSTAL PHASES
9.7 THE BICONTINOUS CUBIC LYOTROPIC LIQUID CRYSTAL
PHASES
9.8 PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS AND PHASE DIAGRAMS
9.9 BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF LIQUID CRYSTALS
9.10 CHROMONIC LIQUID CRYSTALS
Chapter 10 Polymers, Oligomers & Dendrimers - Big and Beautiful
10.1 MACROMOLECULAR MATERIALS
10.2 POLYMERS, OLIGOMERS, AND DENDRIMERS
10.3 MESOGENIC MOIETIES INCORPORATED IN POLYMERS,
OLIGOMERS, AND DENDRIMERS
10.4 MESOGENIC MOIETIES ATTACHED TO POLYMER
BACKBONES
10.5 MESOGENIC MOIETIES ATTACHED TO DENDIMERS
10.6 PHOTOPOLYMERIZATION IN ORGANIZED MEDIA
Chapter 11 Liquid Crystal Science - Techniques and Instruments
11.1 INTRODUCTION
11.2 POLARIZED OPTICAL MICROSCOPY
11.3 DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY
11.4 REFRACTOMETRY AND CONOSCOPY
11.5 X-RAY DIFFRACTION
11.6 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE
11.7 ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
11.8 ELECTRICAL AND MAGNETIC MEASUREMENTS
11.9 OPTICAL MEASUREMENTS
11.10 MECHANICAL MEASUREMENTS
11.11 DEVICE TECHNIQUES
Chapter 12 Liquid Crystals in Electric and Magnetic Fields - A Delicate Response
12.1 ELECTRIC POLARIZABILITY
12.2 MAGNETIZATION
12.3 FREDERIKS TRANSITION
12.4 HELIX UNWINDING TRANSITION
12.5 BOUNDARIES
12.6 CONVECTIVE INSTABILITIES
12.7 FERROELECTRIC LIQUID CRYSTALS
Chapter 13 Light and Liquid Crystals - A Panoply of Color
13.1 POLARIZED ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
13.2 BIREFRINGENCE
13.3 OPTICAL RETARDATION
13.4 JONES CALCULUS
13.5 CIRCULAR BIREFRINGENCE AND OPTICAL ACTIVITY
13.6 OPTICS OF CHIRAL NEMATIC LIQUID CRYSTALS
13.7 LIGHT SCATTERING
13.8 INDUCED BIREFRINGENCE IN THE ISOTROPIC PHASE
Chapter 14 Liquid Crystal Displays - Here, There, and Everywhere
14.1 BASIC STRUCTURE OF LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAYS
14.2 TWISTED NEMATIC DISPLAYS
14.3 VERTICALLY ALIGNED NEMATIC DISPLAYS
14.4 IN-PLANE SWITCHING NEMATIC DISPLAYS
14.5 FERROELECTRIC SMECTIC DISPLAYS
14.6 LCD TECHNOLOGY
14.7 COMPENSATORS
Chapter 15 Other Applications - Optical Fiber Networks to Shampoo
15.1 LIQUID CRYSTAL ON SILICON TECHNOLOGY
15.2 SPATIAL LIGHT MODULATORS
15.3 CIRCULAR POLARIZERS
15.4 TEMPERATURE SENSORS
15.5 LUBRICANTS
15.6 HIGH YIELD STRENGTH POLYMERS
15.7 DETERGENTS, COSMETICS, FOOD, AND DRUGS
Index
Biography
Peter J. Collings is Morris L. Clothier Emeritus Professor of Physics at Swarthmore College and Adjunct Professor of Physics at the University of Pennsylvania, USA. He is a Fellow of the American Physical Society and past Vice-President of the International Liquid Crystal Society. He is the author of Liquid Crystals: Nature’s Delicate Phase of Matter (Princeton University Press, 1990, 2002) and co-author of the first edition of Introduction to Liquid Crystals: Chemistry and Physics (Taylor & Francis, 1997).
John W. Goodby is Emeritus Professor of Materials Chemistry at the University of York, UK. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society and past President of the International Liquid Crystal Society. He is the co-author of Smectic Liquid Crystals: Textures and Structures (Leonard Hill, 1984), Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals: Principles, Properties and Applications (Gordon & Breach 1991), and Senior Editor of the Handbook of Liquid Crystals (Wiley-VCH, 2014).