2nd Edition
Magnetics, Dielectrics, and Wave Propagation with MATLAB® Codes
Future microwave, wireless communication systems, computer chip designs, and sensor systems will require miniature fabrication processes in the order of nanometers or less as well as the fusion of various material technologies to produce composites consisting of many different materials. This requires distinctly multidisciplinary collaborations, implying that specialized approaches will not be able to address future world markets in communication, computer, and electronic miniaturized products.
Anticipating that many students lack specialized simultaneous training in magnetism and magnetics, as well as in other material technologies, Magnetics, Dielectrics, and Wave Propagation with MATLABR Codes avoids application-specific descriptions, opting for a general point of view of materials per se. Specifically, this book develops a general theory to show how a magnetic system of spins is coupled to acoustic motions, magnetoelectric systems, and superconductors. Phenomenological approaches are connected to atomic-scale formulations that reduce complex calculations to essential forms and address basic interactions at any scale of dimensionalities. With simple and clear coverage of everything from first principles to calculation tools, the book revisits fundamentals that govern magnetic, acoustic, superconducting, and magnetoelectric motions at the atomic and macroscopic scales, including superlattices.
Constitutive equations in Maxwell’s equations are introduced via general free energy expressions which include magnetic parameters as well as acoustic, magnetoelectric, semiconductor, and superconducting parameters derived from first principles. More importantly, this book facilitates the derivation of these parameters, as the dimensionality of materials is reduced toward the microscopic scale, thus introducing new concepts. The deposition of ferrite films at the atomic scale complements the approach toward the understanding of the physics of miniaturized composites. Thus, a systematic formalism of deriving the permeability or the magnetoelectric coupling tensors from first principles, rather than from an ad hoc approach, bridges the gap between microscopic and macroscopic principles as applied to wave propagation and other applications.
Preface
Preface to the New Additions
Acknowledgments
Author
1. Review of Maxwell Equations and Units
Maxwell Equations in MKS System of Units
Major and Minor Magnetic Hysteresis Loops
Tensor and Dyadic Quantities
Maxwell Equations in Gaussian System of Units
External, Surface, and Internal Electromagnetic Fields
Problems
Appendix 1.A: Conversion of Units
References
Solutions
2. Classical Principles of Magnetism
Historical Background
First Observation of Magnetic Resonance
Definition of Magnetic Dipole Moment
Magnetostatics of Magnetized Bodies
Electrostatics of Electric Dipole Moment
Relationship between B and H Fields
General Definition of Magnetic Moment
Classical Motion of the Magnetic Moment
Problems
Appendix 2.A
References
Solutions
3. Introduction to Magnetism
Energy Levels and Wave Functions of Atoms
Spin Motion
Intra-Exchange Interactions
Heisenberg Representation of Exchange Coupling
Multiplet States
Hund Rules
Spin–Orbit Interaction
Lande gJ-Factor
Effects of Magnetic Field on a Free Atom
Crystal Field Effects on Magnetic Ions
Superexchange Coupling between Magnetic Ions
Double Superexchange Coupling
Ferromagnetism in Magnetic Metals
Problems
Appendix 3.A: Matrix Representation of Quantum Mechanics
References
Solutions
4. Deposition of Artificial Ferrite Films at the Atomic Scale
Historical Background to the birth of the ATLAD Technique
Deposition of Ferrite Films by the Laser Ablation Technique
A. Deposition of Spinel Ferrite Films at the Atomic Scale – ATLAD Technique
1. Films of Lithium Ferrite Doped with Al2O3.
2. Deposition of Single Crystal Films of MnF2O4
3. Deposition of Single Crystal Films of CuFe2O4
B. Deposition of Hexaferrite Films at the Atomic Scale – ATLAD Technique
1. Deposition of Single Crystal Films of Barium Ferrite – BaFe12O19
2. Deposition of Single Crystal Films of MaFe12-xMnxO19
Concluding Remarks
Problems
References
Solutions
5. Free Magnetic Energy
Thermodynamics of Noninteracting Spins: Paramagnets
Ferromagnetic Interaction in Solids
Ferrimagnetic Ordering
Spinwave Energy
Effects of Thermal Spinwave Excitations
Free Magnetic Energy
Single Ion Model for Magnetic Anisotropy
Pair Model
Demagnetizing Field Contribution to Free Energy
Numerical Examples
Cubic Magnetic Anisotropy Energy
Uniaxial Magnetic Anisotropy Energy
Problems
References
Solutions
6. Phenomenological Theory
Smit and Beljers Formulation
Examples of Ferromagnetic Resonance
Simple Model for Hysteresis
General Formulation
Connection between Free Energy and Internal Fields
Static Field Equations
Dynamic Equations of Motion
Microwave Permeability
Normal Modes
Magnetic Relaxation
Free Energy of Multi-Domains
Problems
References
Solutions
7. Electrical Properties of Magneto-Dielectric Films
Basic Difference between Electric and Magnetic Dipole Moments
Electric Dipole Orientation in a Field
Equation of Motion of Electrical Dipole Moment in a Solid
Free Energy of Electrical Materials
Magneto-Elastic Coupling
Microwave Properties of Perfect Conductors
Principles of Superconductivity: Type I
Magnetic Susceptibility of Superconductors: Type I
London’s Penetration Depth
Type-II Superconductors
Microwave Surface Impedance
Conduction through a Non-Superconducting Constriction
Isotopic Spin Representation of Feynman Equations
Problems
Appendix 7.A
References
Solutions
8. Kramers–Kronig Equations
Problems
References
Solutions
9. Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Anisotropic Magneto-Dielectric Media
Spinwave Dispersions for Semi-Infinite Medium
Spinwave Dispersion at High k-Values
The k = 0 Spinwave Limit
Sphere
Thin Films
Needle
Surface or Localized Spinwave Excitations
Pure Electromagnetic Modes of Propagation:
Semi-Infinite Medium
Coupling of the Equation of Motion and Maxwell’s Equations
Normal Modes of Spinwave Excitations
Magnetostatic Wave Excitations
Perpendicular to Film Plane
in the Film Plane
Ferrite Bounded by Parallel Plates
Problems
Appendix 9.A
Perpendicular Case
In Plane Case
References
Solutions
10. ATLAD Deposition of Magnetoelectric Hexaferrite Films and Their Properties
Basic Definitions of Ferroic Materials
Parity and Time Reversal Symmetry in Ferroics
Tensor Properties of The Magnetoelectric Coupling in Hexaferrites
Deposition of Single Crystal Magnetoelectric Hexaferrite Films of the M-type by the
ATLAD technique
Magnetometry and Magnetoelectric Measurements
Free Magnetic Energy Representation of the Spin Spiral Configuration
Free Energy of ME Hexaferrite
Electromagnetic Wave Dispersion of Magnetoelectric Hexaferrites
Analogue to a Semiconductor Transistor Three Terminals Network
Problems
References
Solutions
11. Spin Surface Boundary Conditions
A Quantitative Estimate of Magnetic Surface Energy
Another Source of Surface Magnetic Energy
Static Field Boundary Conditions
Dynamic Field Boundary Conditions
Applications of Boundary Conditions
to the Film Plane
to the Film Plane
Electromagnetic Spin Boundary Conditions
Problems
Appendix 11.A
Perpendicular Case
In Plane Case
References
Solutions
12. Matrix Representation of Wave Propagation
Matrix Representation of Wave Propagation in Single Layers
(//) Case
(⊥) Case
The Incident Field
Ferromagnetic Resonance in Composite Structures: No Exchange Coupling
Ferromagnetic Resonance in Composite Structures: Exchange Coupling
(⊥) Case
Boundary Conditions
(//) Case
Boundary Conditions (// FMR)
Problems
Appendix 12.A
Calculation of Transmission Line Parameters from [A] Matrix
Microwave Response to Microwave Cavity Loaded with Magnetic
Thin Film
References
Solutions
Index
Biography
Carmine Vittoria’s career spans 50–55 years in academia and goernment research establishments. His approach to scientific endeavors has been to search for the common denominator or thread that links the various sciences to make some logical sense. The fields of study include physics, electrical engineering, ceramics, metallurgy, surface or interfaces, nano-composite films. His interest in science ranges from the physics of particle–particle interaction at the atomic scale to nondestructive evaluation of bridge structures, from EPR of a blood cell to electronic damage in the presence of gamma rays, from design of computer chips to radar systems, from microscopic interfacial structures to thin film composites. The diversity and seriousness of his work and his commitment to science are evident in the ~500 publications in peer-reviewed journals, ~ 25 patents, and three other scientific books. Dr. Vittoria is also the author of a nonscientific books on soccer for children; memoirs: "Bitter Chicory to Sweet espresso", "Once Upon a Hill" and "Hidden in Plain Sight". and He is a life fellow of the IEEE (1990) and an APS fellow (1985). He has received research awards and special patent awards from government research laboratories.
Dr. Vittoria was appointed to a professorship position in 1985 in the Electrical Engineering Department at Northeastern University, and was awarded the distinguished professorship position in 2001 and a research award in 2007 by the College of Engineering.
In addition, he was cited for an outstanding teacher award by the special need students at Northeastern University. His teaching assignments included electromagnetics, antenna theory, microwave networks, wave propagation in magneto-dielectrics, magnetism and superconductivity, electronic materials, microelectronic circuit designs, circuit theory, electrical motors, and semiconductor devices.
