1st Edition

Modern Bioelectricity

Edited By Andrew A. Marino Copyright 1988

    This book presents an overview of the field of bioelectricity by demonstrating the biological significance of electromagnetic fields, electrical properties of tissue, biological effects of electromagnetic energy, and therapeutic applications and health hazards of electromagnetic energy.

    Preface

    Contributors

    Part I. Overview

    Electromagnetism and Life

    Robert O. Becker

    References

    Part II. Electromagnetic Energy and Regulation of Life Processes

    Bacterial Biomagnetism and Geomagnetic Field Detection By Organisms

    Richard P. Blakemore, Nancy A. Blakemore, Richard B. Frankel

    Introduction

    Animal Orientation and Homing

    The Magnetosome

    Magnetotaxis

    Forms of Iron in Magnetic Bacteria

    Magnetotactic Algae

    Acknowledgements

    References

    The Earth’s Magnetic Field as a Navigational Cue

    William E. Southern

    Introduction

    Historical Perspective

    Geomagnetic Sensitivity and the Search for a Receptor

    Magnetism and Other Vertebrates

    Concluding Remarks and Summary

    References

    NMR Conditions and Biological Systems

    E. Aarholt, J. Jaberansarim A. H. Jafary-Asl, P. N. Marsh, C. W. Smith

    Introduction

    Basic Theory of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

    Measurements of Biological Systems Under NMR Conditions

    Discussion

    Acknowledgments

    References

    Apoplastic Electropotentials in Plants: Measurement and Use

    William Gensler

    Introduction

    Basic Technique and Type of Potential Variations

    Location of the Potential

    Plant Acceptance

    Origin of the Potential

    Electrode Location and Plant Architecture

    Reference Electrode

    Applied Aspects of the Phytogram Technique

    Active Bioelectrochemical Measurements

    Summary

    References

    Part III. Electrical Properties of Tissue

    Electrical Properties of Biological Tissue

    Ronald Pethig

    Introduction

    Dielectric Theory: A Summary

    Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA

    Bibliographically Bound Water

    Biological Electrolytes

    Membranes and Cells

    Tissues

    References

    Electronic Properties of Natural and Modeled Bilayer Membranes

    Jozef R. Zon, H. Ti Tien

    Introduction

    Electronic Phenomena in Membranes

    Electronic Properties of Biological Membranes

    Electronic Phenomena in BLM Systems

    Conclusions and Suggestions for Further Study

    Acknowledgements

    References

    Bioelectric Pyroelectricity

    Sidney B. Lang

    Introduction

    Fundamentals of Pyroelectricity

    Studies of Biological Materials

    Conclusions and Some Speculation

    References

    Mathematical Modeling of Electromagnetic Interactions with Biological Systems

    Francis X. Hart

    Introduction

    Static and Low Frequency Fields

    Plane Waves

    Near Fields

    Discussion

    Acknowledgements

    References

    Recent Developments in the Theory of Ion Flow Across Membranes Under Imposed Electric Fields

    Martin Blank

    Introduction

    Ion Flow in Excitable Membranes

    Electrical Double Layers—The Surface Compartment Model (SCM)

    A Kinetic Basis for Ion Selectivity in Channels

    Alternating Electric Fields in the SCM

    Ion-Pumping Processes

    Summary

    Acknowledgement

    References

    Electrofusion of Cells

    Hermann Berg

    Introduction

    Theoretical and Experimental Principles

    Results

    Discussion

    References

    Part IV. Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Energy

    Electromagnetic Energy and Physarum

    Eugene M. Goodman, Michael T. Marron, Ben Greenebaum

    Introduction

    Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields

    Search for a Mechanism

    Summary

    Acknowledgments

    References

    An Electrochemical Consideration of Electromagnetic Bioeffects

    Arthur A. Pilla

    Introduction

    Basic Electrochemical Kinetics Applied to the Cell Surface

    Generation of PEMIC Waveforms—Relation to Cell Impedance Studies

    References

    Lymphocytes and Pulsing Electromagnetic Fields

    Ruggero Cadossi, Giovanni Emilia, Giovanni Ceccherelli, Guiseppe Torelli

    Introduction

    The Lymphocyte-Lectin Model

    The Lymphocyte

    Preparation of Lymphocyte Cultures

    The Effects of PEMFs on Lymphocytes

    Assessment of Health Risk

    Conclusions

    References

    Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Nerve Regeneration

    Betty F. Sisken

    Introduction

    In Vitro Studies

    In Vivo Studies

    Theories on the Mechanism of Action of Electric Fields on Nerve Regeneration

    Future Studies

    Acknowledgements

    References

    Limb Regeneration

    Stephen D. Smith

    Introduction

    Normal Limb Development

    Epimorphic Regeneration and Its Control

    Differences Between Regenerators and Non-Regenerators

    Direct Current Stimulation

    Pulsed Magnetic Field Stimulation

    References

    Behavioral Measures of Electromagnetic Field Effects

    Rochelle Medici

    Why Behavior?

    Historical Perspectives

    Present Status of Electromagnetic Behavioral Studies

    Conclusions

    References

    Part V. Therapeutic Application of Electromagnetic Energy

    The Modern Magnetotherapies

    Michael A. Persinger

    Introduction

    Fundamental Strategies of Magnetotherapies

    Supportive Evidence: Major Experimental and Clinical Studies

    Placebo: Phenomenon Without a Mechanism

    Current Status, Critique and Suggestions

    Conclusion

    Acknowledgements

    References

    Electrical Silver Antisepsis

    J. A. Spadaro

    Introduction

    Background

    Bacterial inhibition by Silver Electrodes In Vitro

    Electrochemical Studies of Silver Inhibition of Bacteria

    Animal Studies of Biocompatibility and Bacterial Inhibition

    Clinical Applications

    Future Directions

    References

    Direct Current and Bone Growth

    Andrew A. Marino

    Introduction

    Bone Properties

    Electricity and Bone: Foundations

    Application of Electrical Energy

    Discussion
    A New Basis for the Clinical Use of DC Currents

    References

    Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy in the Treatment of Congenital and Acquired Pseudarthrosis

    A. Dal Monte, G. Fontanesi, R. Cadossi, G. Poli, F. Giancecchi

    Introduction

    Clinical Experience

    The Double-Blind Problem

    Comparison Between Treatments

    Discussion

    Acknowledgements

    References

    Electroacupuncture

    Maria Reichmanis

    Introduction

    Theories of Acupuncture

    Anatomy of the Acupuncture System

    Effects of Acupuncture System

    Auricular Acupuncture

    Electroacupuncture

    Complications of Acupuncture Treatment

    Indications for Acupuncture Treatment

    Conclusion

    References

    Part VI. Health Hazards of Electromagnetic Energy

    Revolution and Results of Biological Research with Low-Intensity Nonionizing Radiation

    Allan H. Frey

    Introduction

    The Quiet Decade

    The Lively Decade of the 1970’s and Into the 1980’s

    Conclusions

    References

    Electromagnetic Energy and Cataracts

    Milton M. Zaret

    Introduction

    Embryological and Anatomical Factors

    Physiological Optics

    Cataracts

    Electromagnetic Energy and Cataractogenesis

    Discussion
    Conclusion

    References and Endnotes

    Immunologic and Cancer-Related Aspects of Exposure to Low-Level Microwave and Radiofrequency Fields

    Stanislaw Szmigielski, Marian Bielec, Slawomir Lipski, Grazyna Sokolska

    Introduction

    Immunologic Responses to Low-Level Microwave and Radiofrequency Fields

    Cancer-Related Aspects of Exposure to Low-Level Microwave Fields

    Reference

    The Biological Effects of Power-Frequency Electric Fields in the Environment

    M. G. Shandala, Yu D. Dumanskiy, I. S. Bezdol’naya

    Introduction

    Physical Parameters of Powerline Fields

    Biological Effects of Powerline Electric Fields

    Possible Mechanisms of the Biological Action of Powerline Fields

    Conclusions

    References

    Environmental Electromagnetic Fields and Public Health

    Andrew A. Marino

    Introduction

    EMFs in the Environment

    Laboratory Studies of EMF Bioeffects

    Environmental Factors and Disease

    EMFs and Disease

    EMFs and Public Health

    Summary

    References

    Index

    Biography

    Andrew A. Marino (Edited by)