1st Edition
Multilingualism in the Andes Policies, Politics, Power
This illuminating book critically examines multicultural language politics and policymaking in the Andean-Amazonian countries of Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia, demonstrating how issues of language and power throw light on the relationship between Indigenous peoples and the state.
Based on the author’s research in Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia over several decades, Howard draws comparisons over time and space. With due attention to history, the book’s focus is situated in the years following the turn of the millennium, a period in which ideological shifts have affected continuity in official policy delivery even as processes of language shift from Indigenous languages such as Aymara and Quechua, to Spanish, have accelerated. The book combines in-depth description and analysis of state-level activity with ethnographic description of responses to policy on the ground. The author works with concepts of technologies of power and language regimentation to draw out the hegemonic workings of power as exercised through language policy creation at multiple scales.
This book will be key reading for students and scholars of critical sociolinguistic ethnography, the history, society and politics of the Andean region, and linguistic anthropology, language policy and planning, and Latin American studies more broadly.
Table of contents
Preface by Luis Enrique López
Acknowledgements
List of acronyms
List of figures and tables
Part I Setting the scene
Chapter 1 Introduction
A colonial prelude
The multilingual states of Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia
The ethnographic and cross-disciplinary nature of the research
Historical roots of Indigenous language policy in the Andes
Indigenous social movements in Latin America and scholarly responses
Indigenous language policy in the Andes today
The view of language guiding my research
The structure of the book
Chapter 2 Languages, peoples, places
Introduction
The cultural positioning of the self in the Andes
Social classification and naming of peoples and languages
Language ideologies, semiosis, and the performance of identities
Languages and peoples: a geographical view
Language distribution
A statistical view
Language usage
Indigenous peoples and the state
Final remarks: Indigenous people, language, and the environment
Chapter 3 Language policies, politics, and power
Introduction
The field of language policy and planning research
Language and power
Institutional arrangements for the governance of the plural state
Legislative instruments for the regimentation of Indigenous languages
Paradigms of diversity: shifting discourses of the plural state
Language policy and the technologies of power
Final remarks
Part II Language and power in the education sphere
Indigenous education in the Andes: Introduction
Chapter 4 The policies and politics of Indigenous education in Ecuador
The peak years of IBE in Ecuador: 1988-2006
IBE in the Citizen Revolution years: 2007-2017
IBE teacher training programmes and Indigenous Universities
Indigenous education in Ecuador since 2017
Final remarks
Chapter 5 The policies and politics of Indigenous education in Peru
1900-1930: Education and the "civilising" process
1930-1970: Expanding Westernisation and Hispanisation
1970-1990: Education policy for a multilingual and pluricultural reality
1990-2006: Neo-liberalism meets the politics of identity
2006-2011 An anti-Indigenous turn
2011-2020 Envisioning a multilingual state
Managing sociolinguistic diversity in policy and practice
Final remarks
Chapter 6 The policies and politics of Indigenous education in Bolivia
Introduction
20th century up until the 1952 Revolution
1952 to 1982 including periods of military rule
1982 return to democracy until 2005
Evo Morales’s presidency 2006-2019
Final remarks
Indigenous education in the Andes: Comparative summary
Part III Language in (post-)colonial spaces
Chapter 7 Literacy, textualisation and mediatisation
Introduction
A people without writing?
Literacy in the colonial period
Ideologies of literacy and symbolic power
Graphisation of Andean Indigenous languages
Vernacular literacies in present times
Andean Indigenous languages in literature, popular culture, and media
Final remarks
Chapter 8 Translation and interpreting: From past to present
Introduction
Theoretical considerations and the Andean context
Interpreting and translation in historical perspective
Translation and interpreting in the post-millennial period
Final remarks
Chapter 9 Concluding reflections: Paradoxes of diversity
Glossary of terms
List of legislative instruments
References
Index
Biography
Rosaleen Howard is Professor Emerita in the School of Modern Languages at Newcastle University with specialism in Latin American Sociolinguistics and Linguistic Anthropology. Editor of Creating Context in Andean Cultures (Oxford University Press, 1997) and co-editor of Knowledge and Learning in the Andes: Ethnographic Perspectives (Liverpool University Press, 2002). Author of Por los linderos de la lengua: ideologías lingüísticas en los Andes (Institute of Peruvian Studies, Lima, 2007) and Beyond the lexicon of difference: Discursive Performance of Identity in the Andes, Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies, 4 (1): 17–46, 2009.
