1st Edition

Numerical Modeling of AAR

By Victor Saouma Copyright 2014
    328 Pages
    by CRC Press

    328 Pages
    by CRC Press

    This reference book presents the theory and methodology to conduct a finite element assessment of concrete structures subjected to chemically induced volumetric expansion in general and alkali aggregate reaction in particular. It is limited to models developed by the author, and focuses on how to best address a simple question: if a structure suffers from AAR, how is its structural integrity jeopardized, and when would the reaction end.

    Subjects treated are:
    • Brief overview of AAR: nature of the chemical reactions, AAR in both dams and nuclear power plants, and how does it impact the mechanical properties of concrete.
    • Constitutive model for both the AAR expansion, and concrete nonlinearities (both smeared and discrete crack models).
    • Validation of the model along with a parametric study to assess what are the critical parameters in a study.
    • Selection of material properties for an AAR finite element simulation, followed by applications in dams and massive reinforced concrete structures.
    • Micro Model for improved understanding of the essence of the reaction, along with a newly proposed mathematical model for the kinetics of the reaction.
    • Review of relevant procedures to estimate the residual expansion of a structure suffering from AAR, along with a proposed approach to determine when the reaction will end.

    The book is extensively illustrated with numerous figures and provides guidance to engineers confronted with swelling in concrete infrastructures.

    Chapter 1 Introduction
    1.1 Concrete Composition
    1.2 Alkali Aggregate Reactions
    1.2.1 What is AAR
    1.2.2 Consequences of AAR
    1.2.3 Testing Methods
    1.2.4 Correlation Between Test Results and Field Observations
    1.2.5 in-situ Measurement: Crack Index
    1.2.6 LCPC Experimental Work
    1.2.7 Partial Field Validation of LCPC Tests
    1.2.8 AAR and Creep
    1.2.9 AAR in Dams
    1.2.10 AAR in Nuclear Power Plants
    1.2.10.1 Structural Deterioration
    1.2.10.2 Role of Irradiation
    1.2.10.3 Life Extension
    1.2.10.4 Seabrook Nuclear Power Plant
    1.3 A Brief Review of Finite Element
    1.3.1 Element Formulation
    1.3.2 Isoparametric Elements
    1.3.3 Nonlinear System
    1.3.4 Constitutive Model D
    1.4 A Brief Review of Heat Transfer
    1.4.1 Modes of Heat Transfer and Boundary Conditions
    1.4.2 Governing Partial Differential Equation
    1.5 Finite Element Modeling of AAR
    1.5.1 Scale and Models
    1.5.2 Overview of Coupled Chemo-Mechanical Models
    1.6 Book Content
    1.7 Summary

    Chapter 2 AAR Constitutive Model
    2.1 Minimum Requirements for a “Modern” AAR Numerical Model
    2.2 The Model
    2.3 Kinetics
    2.3.1 Sensitivity to Temperature
    2.3.2 Sensitivity to Integration Scheme
    2.3.3 Sensitivity to Activation Energies
    2.3.4 Sensitivity to Time
    2.4 Retardation
    2.4.1 Hydrostatic Compressive Stress
    2.4.2 Role of Cracking
    2.4.2.1 Tensile Macrocrack
    2.4.2.2 Compressive Microcracks
    2.5 Humidity
    2.6 AAR Strain
    2.6.1 Weights
    2.6.2 AAR Linear Strains
    2.6.3 Deterioration
    2.7 Summary

    Chapter 3 Constitutive Model; Concrete
    3.1 Introduction
    3.2 Nonlinear response of concrete
    3.2.1 Concrete in tension
    3.2.2 Hillerborg’s Model
    3.2.2.1 ợ-COD Diagram, Hillerborg’s Model
    3.2.2.2 Localization
    3.2.3 Concrete in compression
    3.2.4 Concrete in shear
    3.3 The nonlinear continuum model
    3.3.1 Material model formulation
    3.3.2 Rankine-Fracturing Model for concrete cracking
    3.3.3 Plasticity model for concrete crushing
    3.3.4 Combination of plasticity and fracture model
    3.4 Nonlinear Discrete Joint Element
    3.4.1 Introduction
    3.4.2 Interface Crack Model
    3.5 Summary

    Chapter 4 Validation
    4.0.1 Benchmarks
    4.1 Benchmark Results
    4.1.1 P1: Constitutive Model
    4.1.2 P2: Drying and Shrinkage
    4.1.3 P3: Creep
    4.1.4 P4: Effect of Temperature
    4.1.5 P5: Relative Humidity
    4.1.6 P6: Confinement
    4.1.7 P7: Presence of Reinforcement
    4.1.8 P8: Dams
    4.1.8.1 2D
    4.1.8.2 3D case: AAR only
    4.2 Summary

    Chapter 5 Parametric Study
    5.1 Preliminary
    5.1.1 Problem definition
    5.1.2 Primary units
    5.1.3 Elastic and Thermal Properties
    5.1.4 Preliminary thermal analysis
    5.2 Results
    5.2.1 Without a foundation/dam interface
    5.2.1.1 (G+T+H)-(G+T); Role of the hydrostatic load
    5.2.1.2 (G+T+H+A)-(G+T+H); Role of AAR expansion
    5.2.1.3 (G+T+A+H)-(G+T+A): Role of the hydrostatic load (revisited)
    5.2.1.4 (G+T+H+A)-(G+T+H’+A): Role of the hydrostatic model
    5.2.2 (G+T+A)-(G+T’+A): Role of the temperature model
    5.2.2.1 (E)-(E’): Effect of concrete deterioration
    5.2.2.2 (G+T+H+A)-(G+T+H+A’): Effect of modeling internal and external concretes
    5.2.2.3 (G+T+A): Effect of time discretization
    5.2.2.4 Role of the kinetic model
    5.2.3 Model with inclusion of joint
    5.2.3.1 Effect of hydrostatic load
    5.2.3.2 Effect of the kinetic model
    5.3 Summary

    Chapter 6 Material Properties
    6.1 Introduction
    6.1.1 On the Randomness of Properties
    6.1.2 Units & Conversion Factors
    6.2 Elastic properties
    6.2.1 Elastic modulus
    6.2.2 Tensile strength
    6.2.3 Poisson’s ratio
    6.2.4 Fracture properties
    6.3 AAR properties
    6.4 Thermal properties
    6.4.1 Temperatures
    6.4.1.1 Air temperature
    6.4.1.2 Pool temperature
    6.4.2 Concrete thermal properties
    6.5 Reclamation study
    6.5.1 Elastic properties
    6.5.1.1 Effect of confinement
    6.5.2 Compressive strength
    6.5.3 Tensile strength
    6.5.4 Case studies
    6.6 AAR properties through system identification
    6.6.1 Algorithm
    6.7 On the Importance of Proper Calibration
    6.8 Summary

    Chapter 7 Applications
    7.1 Arch Gravity Dam; Isola
    7.1.1 Data Preparation
    7.1.2 Stress Analysis
    7.1.3 Results
    7.2 Hollow Buttress Dam; Poglia
    7.2.1 Transient Thermal Analysis
    7.2.2 Stress Analysis
    7.2.3 Analysis and Results
    7.3 Arch Dam, Amir-Kabir
    7.3.1 Dam description
    7.3.2 Analysis Results and Discussion
    7.4 Arch Dam, Kariba
    7.4.1 Concrete Constitutive Model
    7.4.2 Description of the Dam
    7.4.3 Analysis
    7.4.4 Observations
    7.5 Massive Reinforced Concrete Structure
    7.5.1 Description
    7.5.2 Model
    7.5.3 Results
    7.5.4 Seismic Analysis Following AAR Expansion
    7.6 Summary

    Chapter 8 Micro Model
    8.1 A Diffusion-Based Micro Model
    8.1.1 Analytical Model
    8.1.1.1 Diffusion Models
    8.1.1.1.1 Macro-Ion Diffusion of Alkali
    8.1.1.1.2 Micro-Ion Diffusion Model of Alkali
    8.1.1.1.3 Micro-Diffusion of Gel
    8.1.2 Numerical Model
    8.1.2.1 Macro-Ion Diffusion Analysis
    8.1.2.2 Micro-Coupled Chemo-Mechanical Analysis
    8.1.2.3 Macro-Stress Analysis
    8.1.3 Example
    8.1.3.1 Model
    8.1.3.2 Analysis Procedure
    8.1.3.3 Investigation Results
    8.1.3.3.1 Micro-Modeling
    8.1.4 From Diffusion to the Kinetic Curve
    8.1.4.1 Preliminary Model
    8.1.4.2 Refined Model
    8.1.4.2.1 Formulation
    8.1.4.2.2 Applications
    8.2 A Mathematical Model for the Kinetics of the Alkali-Silica Reaction
    8.3 Summary

    Chapter 9 Prediction of Residual Expansion
    9.1 Literature Survey
    9.1.1 Estimation of previous AAR expansion, Berube et al. (2005)
    9.1.2 Value of Asymptotic Expansion, Multon et al. 2008
    9.1.3 Estimation of Residual Expansion, Sellier et. al. (2009)
    9.1.3.1 Preliminary Observations
    9.1.3.2 Proposed Procedure
    9.1.3.2.1 Field work
    9.1.3.2.2 Laboratory tests
    9.1.3.2.3 Inverse finite element simulation
    9.2 Expansion Curve from Delayed Laboratory Testing
    9.2.1 Numerical Formulation
    9.2.2 Assessment
    9.3 Summary

    Chapter A Numerical Benchmark for the Finite Element Simulation of Expansive Concrete
    A.1 Introduction
    A.1.1 Objectives
    A.1.2 Important Factors in Reactive Concrete
    A.2 Test Problems
    A.2.1 P0: Finite Element Model Description
    A.2.2 Materials
    A.2.2.1 P1: Constitutive Models
    A.2.2.1.1 Constitutive Model Calibration
    A.2.2.1.2 Prediction
    A.2.2.2 P2: Drying and Shrinkage
    A.2.2.2.1 Constitutive Model Calibration
    A.2.2.2.2 Prediction
    A.2.2.3 P3: Basic Creep
    A.2.2.3.1 Constitutive Model Calibration
    A.2.2.3.2 Prediction
    A.2.2.4 P4: AAR Expansion; Temperature Effect
    A.2.2.4.1 Constitutive Model Calibration
    A.2.2.4.2 Prediction
    A.2.2.5 P5: Free AAR Expansion; Effect of RH
    A.2.2.5.1 Constitutive Model Calibration
    A.2.2.5.2 Prediction
    A.2.2.6 P6: AAR Expansion; Effect of Confinement
    A.2.2.6.1 Constitutive Model Calibration
    A.2.2.6.2 Prediction
    A.2.3 Structures
    A.2.3.1 P7: Effect of Internal Reinforcement
    A.2.3.2 P8: AAR Expansion; Idealized Dam
    A.3 Presentation of Results
    A.4 Results Submission and Workshop
    A.5 Acknowledgements

    Chapter B Merlin
    B.1 Introduction
    B.2 Arch Dam Preprocessor: Beaver
    B.3 Preprocessor: KumoNoSu
    B.4 Analysis: Merlin
    B.5 Post-Processor: Spider
    B.5.1 Integration

    Chapter C Brief Review of Reaction Rate
    C.1 Definitions
    C.2 Examples of Simple Reactions
    C.2.1 Zero-order reactions
    C.2.2 First-order reactions
    C.2.3 Second-order reactions
    C.3 Complex Reactions
    C.3.1 Competitive or parallel reactions
    C.3.2 Consecutive or series reactions
    C.3.3 Chain reactions

    Author Index
    Index

    Biography

    Victor E. Saouma is a professor of civil engineering at the University of Colorado Boulder . He joined the department in 1984 where he teaches courses in structural analysis. He is currently president of the International Association of Fracture Mechanics for Concrete and Concrete Structures (IA-FraMCoS) and was formerly the director of the University of Colorado Fast Hybrid Testing Laboratory which is part of the George E. Brown, Jr. Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation.

    Over the years his research interests have varied but are always driven by a desire to apply first principles toward the solution of engineering problems. This has included innovative experimental work such as centrifuge/shake table tests of dams and real time hybrid simulation of reinforced concrete frames, as well as development of constitutive models, development of nonlinear finite element codes, modeling of concrete.

    His research has primarily been funded by EPRI (Electric Power Research Company), TEPCO (Tokyo Electric Power Company), and government agencies such as the National Science Foundation and the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. As a consultant, his work has involved the seismic safety of very high arch dams, delamination in nuclear power plants, and AAR induced damage in infrastructures. He has over eighty peer-reviewed journal articles.