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CRC Press
216 pages | 86 B/W Illus.
Despite the fact that crystals make up an estimated 80% of chemical and pharmaceutical products, few resources exist that provide practical guidance on achieving precision control of their size and size distribution. Based on a model developed by the author and his colleagues, Precision Crystallization: Theory and Practice of Controlling Crystal Size presents scientists and product engineers with the tools to control crystal nucleation, enabling them to ultimately control crystal size and size distribution for batch and continuous crystallizations.
At the cutting edge of crystallization science and technology, this volume presents information never before available. Introducing the Balanced Nucleation and Growth (BNG) model, the book demonstrates how the results of the nucleation process are quantitatively related to practical experimental control values such as:
The author shows how the BNG theory predicts previously unknown phenomena and also how it corrects erroneous perceptions of the importance of reaction volume on the outcome of crystal nucleation. Going above and beyond classical nucleation theories which rely to a large extent on guesswork, the BNG model gives precise guidance to scientists working in a range of critical areas, leading to promising implications for research, quality control, product development, production processes, pilot plant operations, and manufacturing.
Prior Models for Nucleation and Growth
The Primitive Model
The Total Crystal Number
The Classical Nucleation Model (Becker-Doering)
Derivation of the Classical Nucleation Model
The Klein-Moisar Model
Kharitanova Derivation
Growth Rate and Maximum Growth Rate
The Balanced Nucleation and Growth Model
The BNG Model and the Nucleation Phase
Assumptions for Modeling
Assumptions for Calculations
Preliminary Considerations: Nucleation Rate
The Balanced Nucleation and Growth Model
BNG Modeling of the Nucleation Phase and Size Distribution
Reaction Parameters for the Calculations
Results and Discussion
The Analytical BNG Model
Crystal Formation (Nucleation) under Kinetically and Diffusion-Controlled Growth Conditions
Kinetically Controlled Nucleation
Experiment: Kinetically Controlled Crystal Nucleation Theory
Diffusion-Controlled Nucleation
Reaction Variables, Constants, Predictions
Modeling: Separation of Variables R, Cs, and T
Addition Rate
Solubility
Temperature, T
Supersizing with Ripeners
Crystal Formation (Nucleation) in the Presence of Ostwald Ripening Agents: Theory
Crystal Formation (Nucleation) of Silver Bromide in the Presence of a Di-Thia Crown Ether as an Ostwald Ripening Agent
Crystal Formation (Nucleation) of AgClBr (15:85) in the Presence of Ammonia as an Ostwald Ripening Agent
Crystal Formation (Nucleation) of AgBrI (97.4:2.6) in the Presence of 1,8-dihydroxy-3,6-dithiaoctane as an Ostwald Ripening Agent
Nanosizing with Restrainers
Crystal Formation (Nucleation) in the Presence of Growth
Restrainers
Crystal Growth and Renucleation
Crystal Growth, Renucleation, and Maximum Growth Rate:
Theory and Experiments
Continuous Crystallization
Continuous Crystallization in the Mixed-Suspension, Mixed-Product-Removal (MSMPR), or Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) Crystallizer
Transient Behavior of Silver Bromide Precipitation in a
Continuous Suspension Crystallizer
A New Crystal Nucleation Theory for Size Control in
Continuous Precipitations
Crystal Growth in the Continuous Crystallizer
Seeded Precipitations in the Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor Crystallizer
Epilogue
Glossary of Terms
Bibliography
Index
