The Human Rights Reader Major Political Essays, Speeches, and Documents From Ancient Times to the Present

Dedication Page

Brief Contents

Detailed Table of Contents

Preface to the Third Edition

Acknowledgments

Introduction: Human Rights: Historical and Contemporary Controversies

PART I: THE ORIGINS: SECULAR, ASIAN, AND MONOTHEISTIC TRADITIONS

Introduction

Questions for Part I

I.1 UNESCO: The Grounds for an International Declaration of Human Rights (1947)

I.2 Jacques Maritain: On Opposing Ideologies and a Common List of Rights (UNESCO Symposium, 1948)

I.3 United Nations: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), Preamble, Articles 1, 3, 5–12, 18–19, 27 15

1. The Secular Tradition

Liberty, Tolerance, and Codes of Justice

1.1 The Code of Hammurabi: On Freedom of Speech and Civil Rights (c. 1700 B.C.E.)

1.2 Cyrus: On Religious Tolerance (The Cyrus Cylinder, c. 539 B.C.E.)

1.3 Plato: "Justice in State and Individual" (The Republic, c. 360 B.C.E.)

1.4 Aristotle: On Justice and Political Constitutions (Politics, c. 350 B.C.E.)

1.5 Cicero: On Universal Justice (The Treatise on the Laws, 52 B.C.E.)

Social and Economic Justice

1.6 The Code of Hammurabi: On Property (c. 1700 B.C.E.)

1.7 Plato: On the Community of Property (The Republic, c. 360 B.C.E.)

1.8 Aristotle: On Property (Politics, c. 350 B.C.E.)

Justice, War, and Peace 31

1.9 Thucydides: On Justice Versus Power: "The Melian Dialogue" (The History of the Peloponnesian War, c. 411 B.C.E.)

1.10 Plato: On How to Treat One’s Enemy (The Republic, c. 360 B.C.E.)

1.11 Aristotle: On the Purpose of War (Politics, c. 350 B.C.E.)

Justice for Whom?

1.12 The Code of Hammurabi: On Women and Slaves (c. 1700 B.C.E.)

1.13 Plato: On Women’s Abilities (The Republic, c. 360 B.C.E.)

1.14 Plato: On Homosexuals (The Symposium, c. 360 B.C.E.)

1.15 Aristotle: On the Justification of Slavery (Politics, c. 350 B.C.E.)

2. Asian and African Religions and Traditions

Liberty, Tolerance, and Codes of Justice

2.1 Confucius: On Rightful Conduct of Rulers and Subjects (The Analects, c. 479–221 B.C.E.)

2.2 Kautilya: On the Penal System (The Arthashastra, c. 300 B.C.E.)

2.3 Asoka: On Religious Intolerance and Discrimination (The Edicts, c. 272–231 B.C.E.)

2.4 Chinese Buddhist Verses: On Moral Conduct (Mahāparinirvāna Sūtra, Early Fourth Century)

2.5 The Mande Charter of Kurukan Fuga (c. 1235)

Social and Economic Justice

2.6 Confucius: On Fair Distribution and Education (The Analects, c. 551–479 B.C.E.)

2.7 Kautilya: On Labor and Property Rights (The Arthashastra, c. 300 B.C.E.)

2.8 Manu: On Property Rights (The Laws, 9:27–60, c. 200 B.C.E.)

2.9 Mahayana Buddhism: On Altruism (Bodhicaryāvatāra of Sāntideva, c. Eighth Century)

2.10 Buddhism: On the Limitation of Property (Dhārmika Subhūti, c. Tenth Century)

2.11 The Mande Charter of Kurukan Fuga (c. 1235)

Justice, War, and Peace

2.12 Confucius: On Peace and Economic Justice (The Analects, c. 551–479 B.C.E.)

2.13 Mencius: On the Right to Overthrow a Tyrant (c. 372–289 B.C.E.)

2.14 Asoka: On Peace and Justice (The Edicts, c. 272–231 B.C.E.)

2.15 The Mande Charter of Kurukan Fuga (c. 1235)

Justice for Whom?

2.16 Kautilya: On Women, Slavery, and Homosexuality (The Arthashastra, c. 300 B.C.E.)

2.17 Manu: On Women and the Caste System (The Laws, c. 200 B.C.E.)

2.18 Mahayana Buddhism: On the Afflictions of Womanhood and Poverty (Sutra of the Medicine Buddha, Seventh Century)

2.19 The Mande Charter of Kurukan Fuga (c. 1235)

3. Monotheistic Religions

Liberty, Tolerance, and Codes of Justice

3.1 The Hebrew Bible: On Universalism and Moral Injunctions

3.2 The New Testament: On Universalism, Faith, and the Law (c. 80)

3.3 The Qur’an: On Tolerance and Just Society (c. 632)

Social and Economic Justice

3.4 The Hebrew Bible: On the Welfare of the Poor, the Laborer, and the Stranger

3.5 The New Testament: On Poverty, Greed and Charity (c. 80)

3.6 The Qur’an: On Social and Economic Aid (c. 632)

Justice, War, and Peace

3.7 The Hebrew Bible: On War and Peace among Nations

3.8 The New Testament: "Never Pay Back Evil for Evil" (c. 80)

3.9 The Qur’an: On Just War (c. 632)

3.10 Augustine of Hippo: On Just War (397–427)

3.11 Thomas Aquinas: On Just War (Summa Theologica, 1265–1273)

Justice for Whom?

3.12 The Hebrew Bible: On Women, Slavery, and Homosexuality

3.13 The New Testament: On Women, Slavery, and Homosexuality (c. 80)

3.14 The Qur’an: On Women, Slavery, and Homosexuality (c. 632)

PART II: THE LEGACY OF EARLY LIBERALISM AND THE ENLIGHTENMENT

Introduction

Questions for Part II

II.1 United Nations: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948): Articles 1–3

4. Liberal Visions of Human Rights

The Fight for Freedom of Expression and Against Religious Oppression

4.1 United Nations: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948): Articles 18–19

4.2 John Milton: On Censorship (Areopagitica, 1644)

4.3 John Locke: On the Separation of Religion and State (A Letter Concerning Toleration, 1689)

4.4 Voltaire: Treatise on Tolerance (1763)

4.5 Voltaire: "Fanaticism" (Philosophical Dictionary, 1764)

The Right to Life (The Cases Against Torture and Capital Punishment)

4.6 United Nations: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948): Articles 3 and 5–12

4.7 United Nations: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (Adopted 1966, Entry Into Force 1976): Part III, Article 6

4.8 Thomas Hobbes: On the Inalienable Right to Life (The Leviathan, 1652)

4.9 Cesare Beccaria: On Torture and the Death Penalty (Treatise on Crimes and Punishments, 1766)

The Right to Property

4.10 United Nations: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948): Article 17

4.11 Gerrard Winstanley: "A Declaration from the Poor Oppressed People of England" (1649)

4.12 John Locke: On Property (The Second Treatise, 1690)

4.13 Jean- Jacques Rousseau: On the Limits of Property (The Geneva Manuscript or the First Draft of the Social Contract, c. 1756)

4.14 Maximilien de Robespierre: On Property Rights (1793)

4.15 Thomas Paine: On the Origin of Universal Basic Income (Agrarian Justice, 1797)

Counterpoint

4.16 Edmund Burke: On Inheritance and the Principle of Inequality (Reflections on the Revolution in France, 1790)

5. How to Promote a Liberal Conception of Human Rights

Just War and the Right to Rebel

5.1 United Nations: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), Preamble

5.2 Hugo Grotius: On the Rights of War and Peace (The Law of War and Peace, 1625)

5.3 John Locke: On the Separation of Powers and the Right to Rebel (The Second Treatise, 1690)

5.4 Jean- Jacques Rousseau: On Peace and War (The State of War, c. 1753–1755)

Protectionism versus Free Trade

5.5 Jean- Jacques Rousseau: On the General Will and Commercial Inequity (The Geneva Manuscript or the First Draft of the Social Contract, c. 1756)

5.6 Jean- Jacques Rousseau: On Isolationism and Protectionism (Consideration on Government of Poland, 1772)

5.7 Adam Smith: On Individual Liberties, Free Trade and Mutual Advantage (The Wealth of Nations, 1776)

5.8 Adam Smith: The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759)

Republicanism, International Law and Global Governance

5.9 Thomas Paine: On Just Revolutionary Wars, Commerce and Republicanism (The Rights of Man, 1791–1792)

5.10 Maximilien de Robespierre: On Revolutionary Government (1793)

5.11 Immanuel Kant: On Republican Peace and Cosmopolitan Order (Perpetual Peace, 1795)

5.12 Immanuel Kant: On Republican Peace and Cosmopolitan Order (The Metaphysics of Morals, 1797)

6. Human Rights for Whom?

6.1 United Nations: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), Articles 2 and 4

6.2 Bartolom é de Las Casas (In Defense of the Indians, c. 1548)

6.3 Hugo Grotius: On the Rights of the Stranger and the Refugee (The Law of War and Peace, 1625)

6.4 Olaudah Equiano: On the Memoirs of an African Slave (The Interesting Narrative, 1789)

6.5 Adam Smith: On Slavery and Serfdom (The Wealth of the Nations, 1776)

6.6 Maximilien de Robespierre: On the Propertyless and Male Suffrage (1791)

6.7 Immanuel Kant: On the Right to Hospitality (Perpetual Peace, 1795)

6.8 Olympe de Gouges: The Declaration of the Rights of Woman (1790)

6.9 Mary Wollstonecraft: A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792)

6.10 On the Admission of Jews to Rights of Citizenship (1791)

PART III: THE SOCIALIST CONTRIBUTION AND THE INDUSTRIAL AGE

Introduction

Questions for Part III

III.1 T. H. Marshall: On Civil, Political, and Social Rights (Citizenship and Social Class, 1950)

III.2 United Nations: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), Articles 20–26

7. Challenging the Liberal Vision of Rights

A Historical Materialist Approach

7.1 Friedrich Engels: On the Question of Class Morality and Rights Relative to History (The Anti-Dühring, 1878)

The Struggle for Voting Rights

7.2 Chartism: On the Petition for Voting Rights (1837)

7.3 Karl Marx : On Universal Suffrage (1852)

7.4 Ferdinand Lassalle: On Universal and Direct Suffrage (The Working Class Program, 1862)

7.5 Manifesto of the Paris Commune (1871)

The Struggle for Economic, Educational, and Social Rights

7.6 Pierre- Joseph Proudhon (What is Property? An Inquiry into the Principle of Right and of Government, 1840)

7.7 Louis Blanc: On the Material Basis for Health and Other Social Rights (Organization of Labor, 1848)

7.8 Karl Marx: On Limitation of the Working Day (1866)

7.9 Karl Marx: On Freedom of Association and Trade Unions (1866)

7.10 Karl Marx: On Education for Both Sexes (1866)

7.11 Karl Marx: On National Education (1869)

7.12 Karl Marx: On Social and Economic Rights (Critique of the Gotha Program, 1891)

Counterpoints

7.13 Charles Darwin: On the Superiority of the Fittest (The Descent of Man, 1871)

7.14 John Stuart Mill: On the Right to Education (On Liberty, 1859)

7.15 John Stuart Mill: On the Right to Vote (Considerations on Representative Government, 1861)

8. How to Promote a Socialist Perspective of Human Rights: Free Trade, Just War, and International Organizations

On Free Trade’s Virtues and Injustices

8.1 Karl Marx: The Communist Manifesto (1848)

8.2 Karl Marx: "Speech on the Question of Free Trade" (1848)

Just War: Violence or Political Reform?

8.3 Karl Marx: On the History of Class Warfare (The Communist Manifesto, 1848)

8.4 Karl Marx: The Class Struggles in France (1850)

8.5 Karl Marx: On the Possibility of a Non- Violent Revolution (1872)

8.6 Rosa Luxemburg: On World War I and Imperialism (The Junius Pamphlet, 1916)

8.7 Karl Kautsky: On Political Reform and Socialism (The Dictatorship of the Proletariat, 1918)

8.8 Leon Trotsky: Their Morals and Ours (1938)

International Organizations

8.9 Pierre- Joseph Proudhon: The Principle of Federalism (1863)

8.10 Karl Marx: "Inaugural Address of the Workingmen’s International Association" (1864)

8.11 Leonard S. Woolf: On International Government and International Court (International Government, 1916)

9. Human Rights for Whom?

9.1 Robert Owen: On Children ("An Address to the Inhabitants of Lanark," 1816)

9.2 Karl Marx: The Jewish Question (1843)

9.3 Karl Marx: Letter to Abraham Lincoln on the Abolition of Slavery (1864)

9.4 Sojourner Truth: On Women’s Rights (1851)

9.5 August Bebel: Woman And Socialism (1883)

9.6 Clara Zetkin: On Women’s Rights and Social Classes (1896)

9.7 Vladimir I. Lenin: On the Emancipation of Women (1919)

9.8 J. Henry Dunant: On the Rights of Wounded Soldiers (A Memory of Solferino, 1862)

9.9 August Bebel: On Homosexual Rights ("Speech to the Reichstag," 1898)

PART IV: THE RIGHT TO SELF- DETERMINATION AND THE IMPERIAL AGE

Introduction

Questions for Part IV

IV.1 Eleanor Roosevelt: "The Universal Validity of Man’s Right to Self-Determination" (1952)

IV.2 United Nations: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), Preamble, Articles 1–2, 15

IV.3 United Nations: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (Adopted 1966, Entry into Force 1976), Article 1

10. On the National Question

10.1 Giuseppe Mazzini: On the Right to Country (The Duties Of Man, 1844, 1858)

10.2 John Stuart Mill: Considerations on Representative Government (1861)

10.3 Ernest Renan: What is a Nation? (1882)

10.4 Rosa Luxemburg: The National Question and Autonomy (1909)

10.5 Vladimir I. Lenin: The Right of Nations to Self- Determination (1914)

10.6 Woodrow Wilson: "The Fourteen Points Address" (1918)

10.7 Mahatma Gandhi: "Passive Resistance" (1909)

10.8 Mahatma Gandhi: "An Appeal to the Nation" (1924)

10.9 Mahatma Gandhi: "Means and Ends" (1909–1947)

10.10 Mahatma Gandhi: "Equal Distribution Through Nonviolence" (1940)

10.11 Sati’ Al-Husri: "Muslim Unity and Arab Unity" (1944)

10.12 Ho Chi Minh: "Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam" (1945)

10.13 Frantz Fanon: The Wretched of the Earth (1963)

PART V: HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE ERA OF GLOBALIZATION AND POPULISM

Introduction

V.1 Thomas L. Friedman and Ignacio Ramonet: "Dueling Globalizations" (1999)

V.2 Micheline Ishay: "Human Rights in the Age of Populism" (2020)

11. Redefining Rights

Questions for Chapter 11

On Labor and Development Rights

11.1 Milton Friedman: "Economic Freedom, Human Freedom, Political Freedom" (1991)

11.2 Charles Tilly: "Globalization Threatens Labor’s Rights" (1995)

11.3 Amnesty International: "Amnesty International on Human Rights and Labour Rights" (1998)

11.4 Amartya Sen: Development as Freedom (1999)

11.5 John G. Ruggie: On Business and Human Rights (2020)

On Environmental Rights

11.6 Ken Saro-Wiwa: On Environmental Rights of the Ogoni People in Nigeria (1995)

11.7 Ramachandra Guha: "Radical American Environmentalism and Wilderness Preservation: A Third World Critique" (1989)

11.8 Office of the U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights: "Understanding Human Rights and Climate Change" (2015)

12. How to Protect and Promote Human Rights

Questions for Chapter 12

On Security Rights versus Torture

12.1 U.S. Department of Justice Memorandum: On Torture (2002)

12.2 U.S. Department of Justice Memorandum: On Torture (2004)

Counterpoints

12.3 Charles Krauthammer: "The Truth about Torture" (2005)

12.4 Stephen Holmes: On Torture and the Defiance of Law in the War on Terror (2006)

On Humanitarian Interventions

12.5 Samantha Power: "Raising the Cost of Genocide" (2002)

12.6 Michael Ignatieff: "The Burden" (2003)

12.7 Eric Hobsbawm: "Spreading Democracy" (2004)

12.8 Micheline Ishay: "Debating Globalization and Intervention: Spartacists versus Caesarists" (2005)

12.9 United Nations Secretary- General: "Implementing the Responsibility to Protect" (2009)

12.10 Michael Walzer: "The Aftermath of War: Reflections on Jus Post Bellum" (2012)

On the International Criminal Court and Human Rights Governance

12.11 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998)

12.12 Micheline Ishay: "Liberal Internationalisms, Human Rights and International Criminal Justice: Looking Back to Reclaim the Future" (2015)

13. Human Rights for Whom?

Questions for Chapter 13

On The Rights of Citizens Versus the Rights of Refugees and Immigrants

13.1 Hannah Arendt: On the Rights of the Stateless (The Origins of Totalitarianism, 1951)

13.2 Bryan Caplan: On the Libertarian Case for Open Borders ("Why Should We Restrict Immigration?," 2012)

13.3 Angela Nagle: "The Left Case Against Open Borders" (2018)

13.4 Lea Ypi: "Why the Left Should Unite Behind Open Borders" (2019)

13.5 Documents: Refugee and Migrant Rights and Human Trafficking

I. United Nations: Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (Adopted 1951, Entry into Force 1954)

II. United Nations: Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees (1967)

III. United Nations: Convention on the Rights of the Child (Adopted 1989, Entry into Force 1990)

IV. United Nations: International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All

Migrant Workers and Members of their Families (Adopted 1990, Entry into Force 2003)

V. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights: Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children (Adopted 2000, Entry into Force 2003)

On Cultural and Group Rights versus Universalism

13.6 United Nations: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), Articles 1–2 and 29

13.7 United Nations: International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (Adopted 1966, Entry into Force 1976), Article 15

13.8 United Nations: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (Adopted 1966, Entry into Force 1976), Article 27

13.9 Steven Lukes: "Five Fables about Human Rights" (1993)

13.10 Eric Hobsbawm: "The Universalism of the Left" (1996)

13.11 Rhoda E. Howard-Hassman and Jack Donnelly: "Liberalism and Human Rights: A Necessary Connection" (1996)

13.12 Richard Rorty: "Human Rights, Rationality and Sentimentality" (1993)

13.13 Liu Xiaobo: Charter 08 (2008)

13.14 Chandra Muzaffar: On Western Imperialism and Human Rights (1994)

13.15 Will Kymlicka: On Indigenous Rights ("The Good, the Bad, and the Intolerable: Minority Group Rights," 1996)

13.16 Martha Nussbaum: "Women and Cultural Universals" (Sex and Social Justice, 1999)

13.17 Carl F. Stychin: "Same- Sex Sexualities and the Globalization of Human Rights Discourse" (2004)

13.18 Tia Powell, Sophia Shapiro, and Ed Stein: "Transgender Rights as Human Rights" (2016)

13.19 Michelle Alexander: The New Jim Crow (2010)

13.20 Frédéric Mégret: "The Disabilities Convention: Human Rights of Persons with Disabilities or Disability Rights?" (2008)

14. Debating the Future of Human Rights

Questions for Chapter 14

Digital Surveillance, Discrimination, and Human Rights

14.1 Michelle Bachelet: "Human Rights in the Digital Age" (2019)

14.2 Shoshana Zuboff: "Surveillance Capitalism and the Challenge of Collective Action" (2019)

14.3 Shoshana Zuboff: On Digital Behavioral Control and the Right to Have Rights (2019)

14.4 Andrew Feenberg: On Claiming Digital Governance (2019)

The Right to Health after the Pandemic

14.5 Michel Foucault: On Surveillance and the Plague (Discipline and Punish, 1975)

14.6 World Health Organization: "Human Rights and Health" (2017)

14.7 Yuval Noah Harari: "The World after Coronavirus" (2020)

14.8 António Guterres: "The World Faces a Pandemic of Human Rights Abuses in the Wake of Covid- 19" (2021)

Artificial Intelligence, Bioengineering, and Human Rights

14.9 Mathias Risse: "Human Rights and Artificial Intelligence: An Urgently Needed Agenda" (2019)

14.10 Rumiana Yotova: "Regulating Genome Editing under International Human Rights Law" (2020)

14.11 Walter Isaacson: On Genome Editing and the Future of the Human Race (The Code Breaker, 2021)

PART VI: HUMAN RIGHTS AND LEGAL DOCUMENTS: A BRIEF HISTORICAL NARRATIVE

Introduction

15. Selected International Human Rights Documents

15.1 The Magna Carta (1215)

15.2 The Habeas Corpus Act (1679)

15.3 The English Bill of Rights (1689)

15.4 The United States Declaration of Independence (1776)

15.5 The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (1789)

15.6 United Nations: Charter of the United Nations (1945)

15.7 United Nations: Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Adopted 1948, Entry into Force 1951)

15.8 United Nations: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)

15.9 Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War (Adopted 1949, Entry into Force 1950)

15.10 Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 (Adopted 1977, Entry into Force 1979)

15.11 Council of Europe: Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (Adopted 1950, Entry into Force 1953)

15.12 United Nations: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (Adopted 1966, Entry into Force 1976)

15.13 United Nations: International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (Adopted 1966, Entry into Force 1976)

15.14 Organization of American States: American Convention on Human Rights (Adopted 1969, Entry into Force 1978)

15.15 United Nations: Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (Adopted 1979, Entry into Force 1981)

15.16 United Nations: Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (Adopted 1984, Entry into Force 1987)

15.17 United Nations: Convention on the Rights of the Child (Adopted 1989, Entry into Force 1990)

15.18 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa: Chapter Two, Bill of Rights (1996)

16. International Human Rights Documents (Online Supplement)

16.1 The Magna Carta (1215)

16.2 The Habeas Corpus Act (1679)

16.3 The English Bill of Rights (1689)

16.4 The United States Declaration of Independence (1776)

16.5 The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (1789)

16.6 The Factory Health Act (1802)

16.7 First Reform Bill (for the Expansion of Universal Suffrage, 1832)

16.8 Factory Act (1833)

16.9 Chartism, London Working Men’s Association: The People’s Charter (1838)

16.10 Chartism, London Working Men’s Association: The People’s Petition (1838)

16.11 The Ten Hour Act (1843)

16.12 Seneca Falls Convention: Declaration of Sentiments (1848)

16.13 General Act of the Berlin Conference on West Africa (Adopted 1885, Entry into Force 1886)

16.14 Amsterdam International Socialist Congress: Resolution Against Colonialism (1904)

16.15 Vladimir Lenin: Declaration of the Rights of Working and Exploited Peoples (1918)

16.16 The Covenant of the League of Nations (1919), Articles 1–26

16.17 International Labour Organization: The ILO Charter (1919)

16 18 Polish Minority Treaty (1919)

16.19 The League of Nations: Slavery Convention (Adopted 1926, Entry into Force 1927,

Amended by the United Nations 1953, Entry into Force 1955)

16.20 Constitution (Fundamental Law) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1936)

16.21 Franklin D. Roosevelt: "The Four Freedoms" (1941)

16.22 United Nations: Charter of the United Nations (1945)

16.23 United Nations: Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide (Adopted 1948, Entry into Force 1951)

16.24 United Nations: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)

16.25 Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War (Adopted 1949, Entry into Force 1951)

16.26 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (Adopted 1950, Entry into Force 1953)

16.27 United Nations: Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (1951)

16.28 The European Social Charter (Adopted 1961, Entry into Force 1965)

16.29 International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Adopted 1965, Entry into Force 1969)

16.30 United Nations: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (Adopted 1966, Entry into Force 1976)

16.31 United Nations: International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Adopted 1966, Entry into Force 1976)

16.32 United Nations: Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees (1967)

16.33 Organization of American States: American Convention on Human Rights (Adopted 1969, Entry into Force 1978)

16.34 Protocol Additional to the Geneva Convention 1949 (Protocol 1) (Adopted 1977, Entry into Force, 1979)

16.35 Declaration of Alma Ata (1978)

16.36 United Nations: Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (Adopted 1979, Entry into Force 1981)

16.37 African Banjul Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (Adopted 1981, Entry into Force 1986)

16.38 United Nations: Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (Adopted 1984, Entry into Force 1987)

16.39 United Nations: Convention on the Rights of the Child (Adopted 1989, Entry into Force 1990)

16.40 International Labour Organization: Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention (Adopted 1989, Entry into Force 1991)

16.41 Cairo Declaration of Human Rights in Islam (1990)

16.42 African Union: African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (Adopted 1990, Entry into Force 1999)

16.43 United Nations: International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (Adopted 1990, Entry into Force 2003)

16.44 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (1992)

16.45 United Nations: The Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, Chapters I–III (Fourth World Congress on Women, 1995)

16.46 The South African Bill of Rights, Constitution Chapter 2 (Adopted 1996, Entry into Force 1997)

16.47 Council of Europe: Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine (The Oviedo Convention) (Adopted 1997, Entry into Force 1999)

16.48 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Preamble Parts 1–3, 5

16.49 United Nations: The Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti- Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction (Mine Ban Treaty) (Adopted 1997, Entry into Force 1999)

16.50 United Nations Millennium Declaration (2000)

16.51 European Union: Charter of Fundamental Rights (2000)

16.52 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights: Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children (Adopted 2000, Entry into Force 2003)

16.53 United Nations: Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (Adopted 2006, Entry in Force 2008), Preamble, Articles 1–33

16.54 International Convention for the Protection of all People from Enforced Disappearance (Adopted 2007, Entry into Force 2010)

16.55 United Nations: Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007)

16.56 Association of Southeast Asian Nations: ASEAN Human Rights Declaration (2012)

16.57 World Medical Association: Helsinki Declaration (2013)

16.58 United Nations: 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (2015)

16.59 Organization of American States: American Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People (2016)

16.60 United Nations Human Rights Council: Protection Against Violence and Discrimination Based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity (2016)

16.61 United Nations: Global Compact for Safe, Orderly, and Regular Migration (2018)

16.62 United Nations: Glasgow Climate Pact (2021)

Permission Acknowledgements

Index

Biography

Micheline R. Ishay is Distinguished Professor of International Studies and Human Rights at the Josef Korbel School of International Studies at the University of Denver.

Praise for The Human Rights Reader, Third Edition

"Ishay's Human Rights Reader is a monumental work, chronicling the force of human rights ideas and documents in the time they emerged and beyond. For activists like myself, joined in the campaign to forge enduring peace founded on universal rights, this book offers a wealth of knowledge with unparalleled breadth. It is a truly important resource."

—Leymah Gbowee, Nobel Peace Laureate

"The Human Rights Reader offers a sweeping documentary history of the struggle for human rights. Ishay's selections and commentary go beyond illuminating the intellectual development of human rights discourse to depict emerging challenges that human rights defenders will surely face in coming decades. This volume represents the best form of human rights advocacy, combining scholarly understanding with activist passion while upholding all rights for everyone."

—Nadine Strossen, New York Law School (Emerita); Past President, American Civil Liberties Union

Praise for Previous Editions

"In tracing the complex intellectual history of human rights, Micheline R. Ishay’s insightful and provocative selection of texts illuminates many of today’s most fundamental rights debates. Are human rights Western impositions or universal values? Does globalization advance or undermine them? Do they originate in or constrain religion? Are they the product of socialism or among its victims? Did the anti-colonial movement respond to repression or simply shift its source? None of these questions admits simple answers, but no one should address them without considering the deep and varied perspectives provided in Ishay’s new Human Rights Reader."

—Kenneth Roth, Executive Director, Human Rights Watch

"Micheline R. Ishay's excellent collection provides all the material that anyone needs to participate in the critical debates about human rights. Differing views of cultural diversity, economic justice, national self-determination, and humanitarian intervention are fairly and intelligently represented."

—Michael Walzer, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ

"Following her masterly History of Human Rights: From Ancient Times to the Era of Globalization, Micheline R. Ishay now presents us with an extraordinarily rich, original, and illuminating compilation of sources on the history and philosophy of human rights. Insightful introductions to each part provide the appropriate historical context. A ‘must’ for courses on human rights."

—David Kretzmer, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Emeritus