The Law Officer’s Pocket Manual, 2023 Edition

I. PURPOSE AND USE OF THIS MANUAL 1:1 II. THE POLICE-CITIZEN ENCOUNTER 2:1 A. Police Activities That Require No Evidence of Wrongdoing 2:2 1. Routine Patrol 2:2 2. The Consensual Encounter 2:2 3. Community Caretaking Activities 2:4 4. Roadblock or Checkpoint Vehicle Stops 2:4 5. Canine Sniffs 2:7 B. Investigative Detention 2:8 1. What You Need to Make an Investigative Detention — Reasonable Suspicion 2:8 a. Personal Observation and Information Known to Other Officers 2:9 b. Tips from Informers 2:10 c. Pretext Stops 2:11 2. Conduct During Detention 2:11 a. The Terry Stop 2:12 b. The Terry Frisk 2:15 c. Plain Touch Seizures 2:16 d. Additional Officer Security Measures 2:18 3. Detention During Execution of a Warrant 2:19 4. Motor Vehicle Stops 2:21 a. Occupants of Vehicles 2:21 b. Duration of Motor Vehicle Stop 2:22 c. Luggage in Vehicles 2:23 5. Pursuit 2:24 6. High Speed Chases 2:25 III. IDENTIFICATIONS 3:1 A. In-Person Identifications 3:1 1. Right to Have Counsel Present 3:1 2. On-the-Scene Showups 3:2 3. Immediate Identification Demanded by a Suspect 3:3 4. Identification by Witness Without Police Participation 3:3 B. Photograph Identification 3:3 IV. ARREST 4:1 A. When an Arrest Takes Place 4:1 B. What You Need to Arrest—Probable Cause 4:2 1. Official Reports 4:4 2. Crime Victims or Witnesses 4:5 3. Reports From “Good Citizen” Informers 4:6 4. Anonymous, Paid, or Habitual Government Informers 4:6 5. Automobiles 4:9 6. Canine Sniffs 4:9 7. Defendant’s Reputation or Past Record 4:10 C. Misdemeanor Arrests 4:10 D. Use of Force to Make an Arrest 4:10 E. When You Should Get an Arrest Warrant 4:11 F. When You Don’t Need an Arrest Warrant 4:14 G. Constitutional Requirements of an Arrest Warrant 4:15 H. Requirements for Execution of an Arrest Warrant 4:17 I. Foreign Nationals 4:20 V. SEARCH INCIDENT TO ARREST 5:1 A. Automobile Searches 5:2 B. Time and Place 5:5 C. Plain View 5:7 D. “Sweep” of Premises Where Arrest Has Been Made 5:8 E. More Intrusive Searches 5:9 F. Obtaining Physical Evidence from the Body of a Suspect Under Arrest 5:10 G. Obtaining Physical Evidence from the Body of a Suspect Not Under Arrest 5:12 VI. INTERROGATION 6:1 A. When Warnings Should Be Given 6:2 1. “In Custody” 6:2 2. “Interrogation” 6:5 B. When Warnings Are Not Necessary 6:6 C. Miranda Warnings 6:10 D. When to Repeat the Warnings 6:12 E. Interrogating Juveniles 6:13 F. The Suspect’s Answer 6:13 G. Questioning 6:22 H. Belated Warnings 6:24 I. Exceptions to Miranda’s Exclusionary Rule 6:25 J. Dealing with a Formally Charged Suspect 6:26 VII. SEARCH AND SEIZURE 7:1 A. Search Without a Warrant 7:3 1. Search Incident to Arrest 7:3 2. Automobile Searches 7:4 3. Emergencies and Exigent Circumstances 7:7 4. Hot Pursuit 7:9 5. Consent 7:10 6. Administrative Searches 7:16 7. Probation and Parole Searches 7:16 B. “Searches” That Aren’t Really Searches 7:17 1. Abandoned Property 7:17 2. Open Fields 7:18 3. Aerial Surveillance 7:19 4. Public Places, “Open View” 7:20 5. “Plain View” 7:20 6. “Plain Touch” 7:21 7. Private Searches 7:22 8. Chemical Field Tests and Blood Alcohol Tests 7:23 9. Canine Sniffs 7:24 C. Search with Warrant 7:24 1. Probable Cause 7:24 2. Constitutional Requirements for Search Warrants 7:25 a. Particularity of Description 7:26 b. Anticipatory Search Warrants 7:27 c. Computers and Other Special Cases 7:28 d. Prompt Execution of Warrant 7:29 e. Unannounced Execution of Warrant 7:29 f. Damaging Property 7:30 g. Items Not Mentioned in Warrant 7:31 h. Mistake 7:31 3. Oral Applications for Search Warrants 7:32 4. Media Presence 7:34 D. Automobile Inventories 7:34 E. Inventories of Arrestees 7:35 F. Administrative Search Warrants 7:36 G. Computers and Other Electronic Devices 7:38 1. Warrantless Searches and Seizures 7:39 2. Getting a Warrant 7:41 3. Seizing Electronic Devices 7:41 4. Searching Electronic Devices 7:42 H. The Exclusionary Rule 7:43 VIII. SURVEILLANCE AND PRESERVATION OF EVIDENCE 8:1 Part I. Surveillance 8:1 A. Police Surveillance Without Electronic Devices 8:1 B. Electronic Surveillance of Communications 8:4 C. Electronic Devices That Do Not Intercept Communications 8:6 1. Pen Registers 8:6 2. Tracking Devices 8:6 3. Heat-Sensing Devices 8:8 Part II. Preservation of Evidence 8:8 IX. ENTRAPMENT 9:1 X. DISABLED PERSONS 10:1 A. Assessing the Condition of Persons Who Are Not Fully Conscious or Able to Communicate 10:1 B. Arresting Persons with Disabilities 10:2 C. Communicating with Disabled Persons 10:3 XI. CASE REFERENCES 11:1

Biography

John G. Miles Jr. was legal editor, consultant, and guest lecturer in police training programs sponsored by the U.S. Park Police and other law enforcement agencies. He was a graduate of the Catholic University School of Law and received a degree in political science from the University of California at Berkeley. He belonged to the D.C. Bar and the American Bar Association.

David B. Richardson is a personal injury attorney based in Bellevue, Washington. He received a law degree from Seattle University School of Law and was admitted to the Washington State Bar in 1992. He holds a master’s degree in international studies from New York University and a bachelor’s degree from the University of Colorado, Boulder.