In the first forty or so years following its revival at the end of the nineteenth century, the burdens placed on cities hosting a modern Olympic Games were relatively modest. However, as the Games have grown in size and stature, morphing from a small-scale summer festival into an intensively mediated global lollapalooza, demands on host cities have massively increased, resulting in the construction of vast and expensive new stadia, Olympic villages, and associated infrastructure. Moreover, after the Second World War, host cities have increasingly used the Olympics as a means to achieve ambitious non-sporting policy goals.
Edited and introduced by two leading scholars, this new four-volume collection from Routledge brings together key primary-source materials and the best scholarship and serious commentary to elucidate and explore the planning, making, and generation of Olympic cities. The gathered materials (some of which are reproduced in facsimile to give users a strong sense of immediacy to the original texts) cover topics such as how cities have embraced the Olympics into their town-planning strategies; built new stadia and sports facilities; and constructed new transport and other communications networks. From what is widely seen as the paradigm of Olympics-led urban regeneration (Barcelona, 1992) to the planning disaster of Montreal, 1976, issues around the short-term impact, and longer-term legacy, of the Olympics on various cities are also closely interrogated.
Fully indexed and with a comprehensive introduction, newly written by the editors, which places the collected material in its historical and intellectual context, The Making of Olympic Cities is an essential work of reference. It is destined to be welcomed as a vital one-stop research tool.
Volume I: Revival of the Olympics
The Olympic Festivals
1. P. de Coubertin, ‘A Modern Olympia’ [1910], in M. Wimmer, Olympic Buildings (Edition Leipzig, 1976), pp. 209–16.
2. N. Müller, ‘Paris 1906: Inviting the Artists’, One Hundred Years of Olympic Congresses: 1984–1994 (IOC, 1994), pp. 69–79.
3. B. Chalkley and S. Essex, ‘Urban Development Through Hosting International Events: A History of the Olympic Games’, Planning Perspectives, 1999, 14, 4, 369–74.
4. J.-L. Chappelet, ‘From Lake Placid to Salt Lake City: The Challenging Growth of the Winter Games Since 1980’, European Journal of Sport Science, 2002, 2, 3, 1–21.
5. P. D. Howe, ‘A Social History of Sport for the Disabled’, The Cultural Politics of the Paralympic Movement Through an Anthropological Lens (Routledge, 2008), pp. 15–37.
6. G. Doll-Tepper, ‘The Winter Paralympics: Past, Present, and Future’, in L. R. Gerlach (ed.), The Winter Olympics from Chamonix to Salt Lake City (University of Utah Press, 2004), pp. 281–303.
7. B. Garcia, ‘One Hundred Years of Cultural Programming Within the Olympic Games (1912–2012): Origins, Evolution and Projections’, International Journal of Cultural Policy, 2008, 14, 4, 361–76.
Bidding for the Games
8. ‘Information for Cities Which Desire to Stage the Olympic Games’ (IOC, 1957), pp. 8–12.
9. M. J. McIntosh, ‘The Olympic Host City Bid Process: Facing Challenges and Making Changes’, in M. Messing and N. Müller (eds.), Impulse Focus on Olympism: Discoveries, Discussion, Directions (Walla Walla Press, 2000), pp. 312–21.
10. D. Booth, ‘Lobbying Orgies: Olympic City Bids in the Post-Los Angeles Era’, in K. Young and K. B. Wamsley (eds.), Global Olympics Historical and Sociological Studies of the Modern Games (Elsevier, 2005), pp. 201–25.
Hosting the Games
11. F. Muñoz, ‘Olympic Urbanism and Olympic Villages Planning Strategies in Olympic Host Cities: London 1908 to London 2012’, Sociological Review, 2006, 54, 175–87.
12. J.-K. Chappelet, ‘From Chamonix to Salt Lake City: Evolution of the Olympic Village Concept at the Winter Games’, in M. de Moragas, M. Llines, and B. Kidd (eds.), Olympic Villages: A Hundred Years of Urban Planning and Shared Experiences (IOC, 1997), pp. 81–8.
13. J. R. Short, ‘Globalization Cities and the Summer Olympics’, City, 2008, 12, 3, 322–40.
14. H. Cantelon and M. Letters, ‘The Making of the IOC Environmental Policy as the Third Dimension of the Olympic Movement’, International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 2000, 35, 3, 294–308.
15. H. Liao and A. Pitts, ‘Sustainable Olympic Urban Development’, Sustainable Olympic Design and Urban Development (Routledge, 2009), pp. 123–45.
16. H. Preuss, ‘Investments and the Reconstruction of a City: Burdens and Opportunities’, The Economics of Staging the Olympics: A Comparison of the Games, 1972–2008 (Elgar, 2004), pp. 68–94.
17. C. M. Hall, ‘Hallmark Events and the Planning Process’, in G. J. Syme et al. (eds.), The Planning and Evaluation of Hallmark Events (Avebury, 1989), pp. 20–39.
18. G. Adranovich, M. J. Burbank, and C. H. Heying, ‘Olympic Cities: Lessons Learned From Mega Event Politics’, Journal of Urban Affairs, 2001, 23, 113–31.
19. R. Cashman, ‘Legacy’, in R. Cashman and A. Hughes (eds.), Staging the Olympics: The Event and its Impact (University of New South Wales Press, 1999), pp. 83–94.
20. H. Preuss, ‘The Conceptualisation and Measurement of Mega Sport Event Legacies’, Journal of Sport and Tourism, 2007, 12, 3–4, 207–27.
21. M. A. Glynn, ‘Configuring the Field Play: How Hosting the Olympic Games Impacts Civic Community’, Journal of Management Studies, 2008, 45, 6, 1117–46.
22. J. Horne, ‘The Four "Knowns" of Sports Mega-Events’, Leisure Studies, 2007, 26, 81–96.
Volume II: The Early Games: 1896–1956
1896–1908
23. M. L. Smith, ‘Athens Revived’, Olympics in Athens 1896: The Invention of the Modern Olympic Games (Profile Books, 2004), pp. 135–53.
24. C. Koulouri (ed.), Archives and History of the Hellenic Olympic Committee (International Olympic Academy, 2002), pp. 40–52, 80–6.
25. A. Kitroeff, ‘The Athens Interim Olympics of 1906’, Wrestling with the Ancients: Modern Greek Identity and the Olympics (Greekworks, 2004), pp. 53–76.
26. British Olympic Association, Minutes of Council Meeting, 20 Dec. 1906, pp. 1–12.
27. Anon ‘The Franco-British Exhibition I’, The Architectural Review, 1908, 24, 140, 32–7, and ‘The Franco-British Exhibition II’, The Architectural Review, 1908, 24, 142, 110–11.
28. R. Jenkins, ‘The Stadium’, The First London Olympics 1908 (Piatkus, 2008), pp. 46–75.
29. M. Llewellyn, ‘A British Olympics’, International Journal of the History of Sport, 2011, 28, 5, 669–87.
1920–1936
30. R. Renson, ‘From the Trenches to the Track: The 1920 Antwerp Olympic Games’, in N. Muller and J. K. Ruhl, Olympic Scientific Congress Sport History 19–26 July 1984 (Schors-Verlag, 1985), pp. 234–44.
31. T. Thierry, ‘Conflicts in the Paris Olympic Games 1924: A Historical Review’, in H. Ren et al. (eds.), Olympic Studies Reader (Beijing Sport University Press, 2009), pp. 235–345.
32. H. M. Westerbeek, ‘The Amsterdam Olympic Games of 1928 and 2028: Will City Heritage Inform Legacy Intent?’, Sport and Society, 2009, 12, 6, 776–91.
33. R. L. Morin, ‘The Los Angeles Coliseum The American Architect’, The Architectural Review, 1924, 125, 430–4.
34. S. A. Riess, ‘Power Without Authority: Los Angeles Elites and the Construction of the Coliseum’, Journal of Sport History, 1981, 8, 1, 50–65.
35. J. Parkinson and D. B. Parkinson, ‘Olympic Stadium in Los Angeles’, The Architectural Record, 1931, 70, 6, 419–24.
36. Organising Committee, Xth Olympiad Los Angeles Official Pictorial Souvenir (Neuner Printing and Lithograph Co., 1932), pp. 48–59.
37. S. Dinces, ‘Padres on Mount Olympus: Los Angeles and the Production of the 1932 Olympic Mega-Event’, Journal of Sport History, 2005, 32, 2, 137–65.
38. J. White, ‘"The Los Angeles Way of Doing Things": The Olympic Village and the Practice of Boosterism in 1932’, Olympika, 2002, XI, 79–116.
39. Anon, ‘XIth Olympiad, Berlin August 1st–16th, 1936’, Design and Construction, 1936, VI, 10, 221–36.
40. M. Meyer, ‘Berlin 1936’, in J. R. Gold and M. M. Gold (eds.), Olympic Cities: City Agendas, Planning and the World’s Games, 1896–2016, 2nd edn. (Routledge, 2011), pp. 215–32.
41. J. Tietz, ‘Sport and Remembrance: The Berlin Olympic Site’, in R. Rother (ed.), Historic Site: The Olympic Grounds: 1009, 1936, 2006 (Jovis, 2006), pp. 10–20.
42. N. Corteen, ‘The Legacy of the Berlin 1936 Olympics’, Urban Design, 2010, 116, 24–6.
1948–1956
43. D. Bolz, ‘Welcoming the World’s Best Athletes: An Olympic Challenge for Post-War Britain’, International Journal of the History of Sport, 2010, 27, 6, 1006–28.
44. J. Hampton, ‘Organising on a Shoestring’, The Austerity Olympics: When the Games Came to London in 1948 (Aurum Press, 2008), pp. 29–37.
45. M. Bell and M. Hietala, ‘The Challenge of the Olympic Games’, Helsinki: The Innovative City, Historical Perspectives (Finnish Literature Society & City of Helsinki Urban Facts, 2002), pp. 253–9.
46. P. C. Andersen, ‘The First Time in a Capital City’, The Olympic Winter Games Oslo 1952 (Dreyers Forlag, 1952), pp. 9–19.
47. G. Davison, ‘Welcoming the World: The 1956 Olympic Games and the Representation of Melbourne’, Australian Historical Studies, 1997, 28, 190, 64–77.
Volume III: ‘Fluctuating Fortunes’: 1860–1992
1960–1976
48. R. Giacomini, ‘The Daring Modern Architecture of Olympic Rome’, Games of the XVII Olympiad Official Souvenir (1960), pp. 82–94.
49. J. Scruton, ‘The 1960 International Stoke Mandeville Games in Rome’, International Journal for Paraplegics, 18–25 Sept. 1960, 14–27.
50. C. Tagsold, ‘Modernity, Space and National Representation at the Tokyo Olympics 1964’, Urban History, 2010, 37, 2, 298–300.
51. K. Socher and P. Tschurtschenthaler, ‘The Role and Impact of Mega-Events: Economic Perspectives—The Case of the Winter Olympic Games 1964 and 1976 at Innsbruck’, The Role and Impact of Mega-Events and Attractions on Regional and National Tourism Development (Editions AIEST, 1987), pp. 103–17.
52. C. Brewster and K. Brewster, ‘Cleaning the Cage: Mexico City’s Preparations for the Olympic Games’, International Journal of the History of Sport, 2009, 26, 6, 790–813.
53. P. Blundell Jones and E. Canniffe, ‘Gunter Behnisch and Partners: Munich Olympics Complex, 1967–72’, Modern Architecture Through Case Studies, 1945–1990 (Elsevier, 2007), pp. 101–12.
54. K. Schiller and C. Young, ‘Germany on the Drawing Board: Architecture, Design, and Ceremony’, The 1972 Munich Olympics and the Making of Modern Germany (University of California Press, 2010), pp. 94–115.
55. D. Latouche, ‘Montreal 1976’, in J. R. Gold and M. M. Gold (eds.), Olympic Cities: City Agendas, Planning and the World’s Games, 1896–2016, 2nd edn. (Routledge, 2011), pp. 247–67.
56. R. Roult and S. Lefebre, ‘Planning and Reconversion of Olympic Heritages: The Montreal Olympic Stadium’, International Journal of the History of Sport, 2010, 27, 16–18, 2731–47.
1980–1984
57. V. Promyslov, ‘Olympic Moscow’, Moscow Past and Present (Progress Publishers, 1980), pp. 228–51.
58. V. Rodichenko, ‘Moscow Olympics’, An Introduction to Sportology (Sovetsky Sport, 2001), pp. 55–62.
59. H. L. Nixon II, ‘The Background, Nature, and Implications of the Organization of the "Capitalist Olympics"’, in J. O. Seagrave and D. Chu (eds.), The Olympic Games in Transition (Kinetic Books, 1988), pp. 237–51.
60. M. J. Burbank, G. D. Andranovitch, and C. H. Heying, ‘Los Angeles and the 1984 Summer Games’, Olympic Dreams: The Impact of Mega-Events on Local Politics (Lynne Rienner, 2001), pp. 53–80.
61. M. Dyreson and M. Llewellyn, ‘Los Angeles is the Olympic City: Legacies of the 1932 and 1984 Olympic Games’, International Journal of the History of Sport, 2008, 25, 4, 1991–2018.
1988–1992
62. B. Bridges, ‘The Seoul Olympics: Economic Miracle Meets the World’, in J. A. Mangan and M. Dyreson (eds.), Olympic Legacies: Intended and Unintended—Political, Cultural, Economic and Educational (Routledge, 2010). pp. 56–69.
63. G.-H. Jeong, ‘Residents’ Perceptions of the Long-Term Impacts of the Seoul Olympics to the Chamsil Area Development in a Tourism Perspective’, in T. D. Andersson et al. (eds.), The Impact of Mega Events (European Tourism Research Unit, 1999), pp. 169–78.
64. J. R. B. Ritchie, ‘Turning 16 Days into 16 Years Through Olympic Legacies’, Event Management, 2000, 6, 3, 155–65.
65. H. Hiller, ‘Post-Event Outcomes and the Post-Modern Turn: The Olympics and Urban Transformations’, European Sport Management Quarterly, 2006, 6, 4, 317–32.
66. K. B. Wamsley and M. K. Heine, ‘Tradition, Modernity and the Construction of Civic Identity: The Calgary Olympics’, Olympika, 1996, V, 81–90.
67. L. M. Serra, ‘Urbanism: The Games of the City’, in M. De Maragas and M. Botella (eds.), The Keys to Success: The Social, Sporting, Economic and Communications Impact of Barcelona ’92 (Centre d’Estudis Olímpics I de l’Esport Univesritat Autònoma de Barcelona, 1995), pp. 188–202.
68. F.-J. Monclús, ‘The Barcelona Model: An Original Formula? From "Reconstruction" to Strategic Urban Projects (1979–2004)’, Planning Perspectives, 2003, 18, 399–421.
69. C. Kennett and M. de Moragas, ‘Barcelona 1992: Evaluating the Olympic Legacy’, in A. Tomlinson and C. Young, National Identity and Global Sports Events: Culture, Politics, and Spectacle in the Olympics and the Football World Cup (SUNY Press, 2006), pp. 177–95.
70. T. Terret, ‘The Albertville Winter Olympics: Unexpected Legacies—Failed Expectations for Regional Economic Development’, International Journal of the History of Sport, 2008, 25, 14, 1903–21.
Volume IV: ‘Sustainability and Legacy’: 1994–2010
1994–1996
71. J. H. Lesjø, ‘Lillehammer 1994: Planning, Figurations and the "Green" Winter Games’, International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 2000, 35, 3, 282–93.
72. S. P. French and M. E. Disher, ‘Atlanta and the Olympics: A One-Year Retrospective’, Journal of the American Planning Association, 1997, 63, 3, 379–92.
73. H. K. Newman, ‘Neighbourhood Impacts of Atlanta’s Olympic Games’, Community Development Journal, 1999, 34, 2, 151–9.
74. D. Whitelegg, ‘Going for Gold: Atlanta’s Bid for Fame’, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 2000, 24, 4, 801–17.
2000–2002
75. P. Goad, ‘Competition and Circumstance: Urban Legacies of the Olympics’, in J. Barrett and C. Butler-Boudon (eds.), Debating the City: An Anthology (Historic Houses Trust, 2001), pp. 143–63.
76. G. Searle, ‘Uncertain Legacy: Sydney’s Olympic Stadiums’, European Planning Studies, 2002, 10, 7, 845–60.
77. G. Waitt, ‘The "Green" Games Sydney 2000 Played’, in J. Nauright and K. S. Schimmel (eds.), The Political Economy of Sport (Palgrave, 2005), pp. 183–207.
78. S. Darcy and R. Harris, ‘Inclusive and Accessible Special Event Planning: An Australian Perspective’, Event Management, 2003, 8, 1, 39–47.
79. L. Hemphill, ‘Salt Lake City 2002: XIXth Olympic Winter Games’, in L. R. Gerlach (ed.), The Winter Olympics from Chamonix to Salt Lake City (University of Utah Press, 2004), pp. 304–16.
2004–2006
80. E. Beriatos and A. Gospodini, ‘"Glocalising" Urban Landscapes: Athens and the 2004 Olympics’, Cities, 2004, 21, 3, 187–202.
81. A. Gospodini, ‘Post-Industrial Trajectories of Mediterranean European Cities: The Case of Post-Olympics Athens’, Urban Studies, 2009, 46, 5/6, 1157–86.
82. P. Kissoudi, ‘Athens’ Post-Olympic Aspiration and the Extent of their Realisation’, International Journal of the History of Sport, 2010, 27, 16–19, 2780–97.
83. P. Bondonio and A. Mela, ‘Which Legacies of Torino 2006 Olympic Winter Games for the Olympic Movement and the Local Society?’, in J. Kennell, C. Bladen, and E. Booth (eds.), The Olympic Legacy: People, Place, Enterprise—Proceedings of the First Conference on Olympic Legacy, 8 and 9 May 2008 (University of Greenwich, 2008), pp. 31–44.
2008–2010
84. L. M. Li, A. J. Dray-Novey, and H. Kong, ‘Beijing Boom, Urban Crisis, and the Olympic City: 1990s and Beyond’, Beijing From Imperial Capital to Olympic City (Palgrave, 2007), pp. 237–62.
85. S. Brownell, ‘Symbols of State Power: Stadiums and National Identity in Beijing’, Beijing’s Games: What the Olympics Mean to China (Rowman and Littlefield, 2008).
86. C. Marvin, ‘"All Under Heaven": Megaspace in Beijing’, in M. E. Price and D. Dayan (eds.), Owning the Olympics Narrative of the New China (University of Michigan Press, 2008).
87. X. Ren, ‘Architecture and Nation Building in the Age of Globalization: Construction of the National Stadium of Beijing for the 2008 Olympics’, Journal of Urban Affairs, 2010, 30, 2, 175–90.
88. Y. Yu. F. Klauser, and G. Chan, ‘Governing Security at the 2008 Beijing Olympics’, International Journal of the History of Sport, 2009, 26, 3, 390–405.
89. L. Zhang and S. X. Zhao, ‘City Branding and the Olympic Effect: A Case Study of Beijing’, Cities, 2009, 26, 245–54.
90. M. Holden, J. MacKenzie, and R. Van Wynsberghe, ‘Vancouver’s Promise of the First Sustainable Olympic Games’, Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 2007, 26, 5, 882–905.
91. C. M. O’Bonsawin, ‘"No Olympics on Stolen Native Land": Contesting Olympic Narratives and Asserting Indigenous Rights Within the Discourse of the 2010 Vancouver Games’, Sport in Society, 2010, 13, 1, 143–56.
Biography
John R. Gold is Professor of Human Geography and a member of the Institute for Historical and Cultural Research at Oxford Brookes University, also holding the position of Honorary Senior Research Fellow at the University of Birmingham. The winner of the 1999 Aesop Prize, his main research interests are currently concerned with the history of staging international festivals and with architectural history, particularly the impact of architectural modernism on urban reconstruction. The most recent of his fourteen books are Representing the Environment (Routledge, 2004); Cities of Culture: Staging International Festivals and the Urban Agenda, 1851-2000 (Ashgate, 2005); The Practice of Modernism: Modern Architects and Urban Transformation, 1954-72 (Routledge, 2007); and Olympic Cities: City Agendas, Planning, and the World’s Games, 1896-2012, (Routledge, 2007). Forthcoming are the second edition of Olympic Cities (Routledge, 2010) and Festival Cities: Culture, Planning and Urban Life since 1945 (Routledge, 2011).
Margaret M. Gold is Senior Lecturer in Arts and Heritage Management at London Metropolitan University and a member of its International Institute for Culture, Tourism and Development and an Associate of the Cities Institute. Her main interests are in culture and heritage, with numerous publications in the area of tourism and cultural identity. She has previously published three books (all with John R. Gold): Imagining Scotland: tradition, representation and promotion in Scottish tourism since 1750 (Scolar Press, 1995); Cities of Culture: Staging International Festivals and the Urban Agenda, 1851-2000 (Ashgate, 2005); and Olympic Cities: City Agendas, Planning, and the World’s Games, 1896-2012, (Routledge, 2007). Forthcoming are the second edition of Olympic Cities (Routledge, 2010) and Festival Cities: Culture, Planning and Urban Life since 1945 (Routledge, 2011)
CONTACT DETAILS
Professor John R. Gold
School of Social Sciences and Law
Oxford Brookes University
Gipsy Lane
Headington
Oxford OX3 0BP
Tel: +44 (0)1865 483784
Fax: +44 (0)1865 483937
e-mail: [email protected]
Margaret M. Gold
London Metropolitan Business School
London Metropolitan University
Stapleton House, 277–81 Holloway Road
London N7 8HN
phone: 020 7133 3381
fax: 020 7133 3076
e-mail: [email protected]
