3rd Edition
Ultrasonics Fundamentals, Technologies, and Applications, Third Edition
Recent advances in power electronics greatly benefit the multidisciplinary field of modern ultrasonics. More powerful, compact, and versatile electronic chips and software enable new computer-based devices for real-time data capture, storage, analysis, and display and advance the science and technology employed in commercial systems and applications of ultrasound. Reviewing the scientific basis behind these improvements, Ultrasonics: Fundamentals, Technologies, and Applications, Third Edition discusses them in detail, with new and additional figures and references, offering a completely revised and expanded examination of the state of modern ultrasonics.
This new edition of a bestselling industry reference discusses the full breadth of ultrasonics applications for industrial and medical use and provides the fundamentals and insights gathered over the authors’ collective 80 years in the field. It provides a unique and comprehensive treatment of the science and technology behind the latest advancements and applications in both low and high power implementations. Coverage combines fundamental physics, a review and analysis of sensors and transducers, and the systems required for the full spectrum of industrial, nondestructive testing and medical and biomedical uses. It includes citations of numerous references and covers both main stream and the more unusual and obscure applications of ultrasound.
Ultrasonics is ubiquitous in its industrial applications for sensing, NDT, and process measurements, in high power forms for processing and sonochemistry, as well as in medical procedures where it is used for diagnosis, therapy and surgery. This book provides a complete overview of the field, presenting numerous applications, cutting-edge advancements and improvements, additional figures and references, and a look at future directions.
Ultrasonics: A Broad Field
Introduction
Brief Early History
Underwater Sound (SONAR)
Medical and Biological Ultrasonics
Industrial Ultrasonics
Nondestructive Testing/Evaluation
Ultrasonics in Electronics
Physical Acoustics
Ultrasonic Systems: Transmitters and Receivers
Low-Intensity Applications
High-Intensity Applications
Modern Ultrasonics: An Interdisciplinary Field
References
Elastic Wave Propagation and Associated Phenomena
Introduction
Power Delivered to an Oscillating System
The Velocity of Sound
Impingement of an Ultrasonic Wave on a Boundary between Two Media
Transmission Through Thin Plates
Diffraction
Standing Waves
Doppler Effect
Superposition of Waves
Attenuation of an Ultrasonic Wave
Relaxation
High-Power Phenomena
References
Fundamental Equations Employed in Ultrasonic Design and Applications
Introduction
Simple Spring–Mass Oscillator
Wave Equations
Solution of the Plane-Wave Equation, Linear System
The Transverse-Wave Equation
Solution of the Transverse-Wave Equation
Plate Waves
References
Design of Ultrasonic Horns for High Power Applications
Introduction
The Horn Equations
Types of Horns
Combining Sections of Different Configurations for Practical Applications
Effect of Damping on the Operation of Horns
Wide Horns and Horns of Large Cross Section
Advanced Horn and System Design
References
Basic Design of Ultrasonic Transducers
Introduction
Equivalent Circuits
Piezoelectric Transducers
Magnetostrictive Transducers
Electromagnetic Devices
Pneumatic Devices (Whistles)
Mechanical Devices
Some Special High-Frequency Transducers
Transducer Generated Wave-Fields
General Remarks
References
Determining Properties of Materials
Introduction
Approximate Methods for Measurement of Velocity and Attenuation
Methods of Measuring Velocity of Sound
Low-Frequency Measurements of Elastic Moduli and Poisson’s Ratio
Density, Viscosity and Particle Size Measurements
Determining Properties of Plastics and High Polymers
General Comments on Measuring Acoustical Properties of Materials
References
Nondestructive Testing: Basic Methods and General Considerations
Introduction
Basic Methods
Factors Affectinc Resolution and Sensitivity
Unconventional Techniques Used for Nondestructive Testing
Instrumentation
References
Use of Ultrasonics in the Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation of Metals
Introduction
Internal Structure of Metals
Inspection of Basic Structures and Products
Inspection of Hot Metals
Determination of Bond Integrity
Thickness Measurements
Inspection of Solder Joints
References
Use of Ultrasonics in the Inspection and Characterization of Nonmetals
Introduction
Concrete
Ceramics and Ceramic Coatings
Timber, Wood, and Wood Composites
Paper
Leather
Plastics, Polymers, and Composites
Adhesive Bond Integrity
References
Imaging, Process Control, and Miscellaneous Low-Intensity Applications
Introduction
Ultrasonic Imaging
Process Monitoring, Measurement, and Control
Underwater Applications
SAW Sensors and Delay Lines
Application in Gases
References
Applications of High-Intensity Ultrasonics: Basic Mechanisms and Effects
Introduction
General Discussion
Mechanical Effects
Chemical Effects: Sonochemistry
Metallurgical Effects
References
Applications of High-Intensity Ultrasonics Based on Mechanical Effects
Introduction
Cleaning
Machining, Forming, and Joining
Liquid Atomization and Droplet Formation
Agglomeration and Flocculation
Drying and Dewatering
Agricultural Applications
Pest Control
Control of Foams
Coating Materials and Particles
Preparation of Carbon Spheres
Glassware Testing
Dispersions and De-Agglomeration
References
Applications of Ultrasonics Based on Chemical Effects—Sonochemistry
Introduction
Sonochemistry
Industrial Processes
Miscellaneous Chemical Effects and Applications
Electrolysis and Electroplating
Preparation of Nanomaterials
References
Medical Applications of Ultrasonic Energy
Introduction
Power Measurements and Dosages
Basic Mechanisms and Principles
Diagnosis
Therapy
Surgery
Tissue Characterization
High-Frequency Imaging/Acoustic Microscopy
Ancillary Application of Biomedical and Research Applications
References
Glossary
Appendix A
Appendix B
Index
