Water, in all its forms, may be the key to an environmentally friendly energy economy. Water is free, there is plenty of it, plus it carries what is generally believed to be the best long-term source of green energy—hydrogen.
Water for Energy and Fuel Production explores the many roles of water in the energy and fuel industry. The text not only discusses water’s use as a direct source of energy and fuel—such as hydrogen from water dissociation, methane from water-based clathrate molecules, hydroelectric dams, and hydrokinetic energy from tidal waves, off-shore undercurrents, and inland waterways—but also:
- Describes water’s benign application in the production of oil, gas, coal, uranium, biomass, and other raw fuels, and as an energy carrier in the form of hot water and steam
- Examines water’s role as a reactant, reaction medium, and catalyst—as well as steam’s role as a reactant—for the conversion of raw fuels to synthetic fuels
- Explains how supercritical water can be used to convert fossil- and bio-based feedstock to synthetic fuels in the presence and absence of a catalyst
Employing illustrative case studies and commercial examples, Water for Energy and Fuel Production demonstrates the versatility of water as a provider of energy and fuel, conveying the message that as energy demand and environmental concerns grow, so should our vigilance in pursuing the role of water in the energy landscape.
Series Preface
Preface
Author
Introduction
Global Energy Landscape: Past, Present, and Future
The Theme and Outline of the Book
Water Base Refinery and Water Management for the Future
References
Role of Water in Recovery and Production of Raw Fuels
Introduction
Increased Water Usage for Recovery of Coal Bed Methane and Gas from Geopressurized Zones
EOR Process
Role of Water in the Fracking Process
Water Requirement for Mining, Preparation, and Extraction of Solid Fuels
References
Energy Recovery by Benign Hydrothermal Processes (ERP)
Introduction
Role of Water in Production of Nuclear Power
Hydrothermal Processes for Recovery of Geothermal Energy
Role of Water in Storage of Solar Energy
Steam Turbine
References
Steam Gasification and Reforming Technologies
Introduction
Mechanisms, Kinetics, and Catalysis of Steam Gasification and Reforming
Dry Reforming
Tri-Reforming
Effects of Feedstock and Operating Conditions on Product Distributions
Steam Gasification and Reforming Reactors
Novel Steam Gasification and Reforming Processes
References
Hydrothermal Processes in Subcritical Water
Introduction
Hydrothermal Carbonization (Wet Pyrolysis)
Hydrothermal Liquefaction
Hydrothermal Gasification
Coal–Water Chemistry
References
Aqueous Phase Reforming and Bioforming Process
Introduction
Aqueous Phase Reforming
APR versus Steam Reforming
Thermodynamics of APR
Kinetics and Catalysis of APR Process
Production of Syngas and Monofunctional Groups and Their Upgrading
Virent’s Bioforming Process
References
Biofine Hydrolysis Process and Derivative Product Upgrading Technologies
Introduction
The Hydrolysis Process
Upgrading of Intermediate Products from the Biofine Process
Comparison of Biofine Process with Other Technologies
Large-Scale Biofine Process
References
Anaerobic Digestion of Aqueous Waste for Methane and Hydrogen
Introduction
Basic Principles of Anaerobic Digestion
Microbes and the Effects of Operating Conditions
Feedstock Effects
Co-Digestion
Effects of Harvesting, Storage, and Pretreatment
Digester Configurations
Simulation, Modeling, Scale-Up, and Control of Fermentation Process
Purification of Biogas
Utilization of Biogas and Digestate
References
Hydrolysis and Fermentation Technologies for Alcohols
Introduction
Grain (Corn) Ethanol
Corn to Ethanol Process Technologies
Cellulosic Ethanol
Fermentation of Sugar to Isobutanol
References
Fuel Production by Supercritical Water
Introduction
Properties of SCW
Role of SCW in Chemical Synthesis
Oxidation in SCW
Decomposition and Extraction of Materials by SCW
Gasification in SCW
Reforming in SCW
References
Water Dissociation Technologies for Hydrogen
Introduction
Electrolysis and Its Derivative Technologies
Photochemical and Its Derivative Technologies
Thermal and Thermochemical Decomposition of Water
Other Miscellaneous Technologies
References
Methane from Gas Hydrates
Introduction: What Is Gas Hydrate and How Is It Formed?
Sources, Sizes, and Importance of Gas Hydrate deposits
Importance of Gas Hydrates on Offshore Oil and Gas Operations
Environmental Impacts of Gas Hydrates
Production of Methane from Gas Hydrate Reservoirs
References
Power and Energy Directly from Water
Introduction
Hydroelectric Power by Water Dams
Hydrokinetic Energy and Power Generation
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
Growth of Hydrokinetic Energy and OTEC Industries and Cost of Hydrokinetic and OTEC Power
References
Index
Biography
Yatish T. Shah received his BS from University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA and MS and Sc.D from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA. During his 40+ years of experience, he has served as chemical and petroleum engineering department chairman, dean of engineering, chief research officer, provost, visiting scholar, and visiting professor at ten different institutions. Currently he is professor of engineering at Norfolk State University, Virginia, USA. He is also an active consultant to numerous organizations in the energy sector. He has authored four books and over 250 reviews and refereed technical publications in the areas of energy, environmental, and reaction engineering.
"This book is a first of its kind where one can refer to for the roles of water in fossil (conventional and unconventional), nuclear, and renewable energy sectors. It not only covers the use of water as a cooling or heating career fluid, but also as a reactant and reaction medium in different energy conversion processes."
—Sandeep Kumar, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, USA"This book provides encyclopedic coverage of the role of water in all aspects of energy production. This allows readers to gain general knowledge of a very wide range of topics, and the extensive references allow them to dig deeper when necessary. The book should prove valuable to engineers and scientists working in water and energy supply. … [It] is a valuable addition to the literature."
—Howard G. McIlvried, III, Gulf Research & Development Co., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA (Retired)"This monograph gives comprehensive coverage of the use of water as a solvent, reactant, and energy carrier for producing energy, chemicals, and fuels. It covers both the traditional technologies as well as the technologies that are likely to be important in the years to come. Considering that water is becoming a scarce commodity in several countries, it will be a timely and welcome addition to the books in the field of green engineering … [as] it conveys to the reader the importance of water in sustainable development."
—Deepak Kunzru, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur"The book provides a vibrant platform for students, researchers, entrepreneurs, and technologists to understand and learn more about the role of water in energy and fuel production in sustaining the ecosystem. The book focuses on promoting the concept of green and clean technology using chemistry and chemical engineering practices to reduce or eliminate the use and/or generation of potentially hazardous materials...[It] clearly overviews the methodologies for harnessing water energy for competing their market share."
--Sanjeev S Katti, D Parvatalu, and Jyoti Verma, ONGC Energy Center, India