1st Edition
Conducting Personal Network Research A Practical Guide
270 Pages
by
Guilford Press
Written at an introductory level, and featuring engaging case examples, this book reviews the theory and practice of personal and egocentric network research. This approach offers powerful tools for capturing the impact of overlapping, changing social relationships and contexts on individuals' attitudes and behavior. The authors provide solid guidance on the formulation of research questions; research design; data collection, including decisions about survey modes and sampling frames; the measurement of network composition and structure, including the use of name generators; and statistical modeling, from basic regression techniques to more advanced multilevel and dynamic models. Ethical issues in personal network research are addressed. User-friendly features include boxes on major published studies, end-of-chapter suggestions for further reading, and an appendix describing the main software programs used in the field.
Prologue
1. Introduction
What Is This Chapter About?
1.1 Everyone Has a Personal Network
1.2 The Size, Composition, and Structure of Personal Networks
1.3 Egos, Alters, Egocentric Networks, and Sociocentric Networks
1.4 Should I Use Personal Network or Whole Network Analysis?
Box: Combining Personal and Whole Networks
1.5 Who Is This Book For?
1.6 Book Overview
Chapter Summary
2. How Personal Networks Have Been Used So Far
What Is This Chapter About?
2.1 A Brief History of Personal Network Analysis
Box: The Bott Hypothesis about Conjugal Roles and Social Networks
Box: Clyde Mitchell and the Manchester School
Box: The Small World Experiment
Box: The East York Studies
2.2 What We Currently Know about Personal Networks
2.3 Theoretical Frameworks for Effects of Personal Networks on Individual Outcomes
2.4 Final Remarks
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
3. Developing a Research Question
What Is This Chapter About?
3.1 Research Questions, Hypotheses, and Objectives
3.2 Outcomes and Social Determinants
3.3 Real or Perceived?
3.4 Some Examples of Questions and Hypotheses in Personal Network Research
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
4. Getting Started: Selecting a Population, Survey Mode, and Sampling Frames
What Is This Chapter About?
4.1 Deciding Whether Personal Network Analysis Is Appropriate
4.2 Selecting a Population
Box: Neighborhood Networks and Status
Box: Emotional Support and Cognitive Functioning among the Elderly
Box: Social Support and Smoking in African American Adults
4.3 The Survey Mode
4.4 The Sampling Frame
4.5 Integration with Larger Surveys
4.6 Identifying Dependent and Explanatory Variables
Box: Loneliness and Dementia
Box: Personal Networks and Ethnic Identity
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
5. Questions about the Ego
What Is This Chapter About?
5.1 Variables and Research Aims: What Questions to Ask
Box: Personal Networks and Social Support: Comparing Two Ethnic Groups in Southern California
5.2 Levels of Measurement
Box: Needle-Sharing and Personal Network Correlates
5.3 Wording a Question
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
6. Delineating Personal Networks: Alter Elicitation
What Is This Chapter About?
6.1 What Is a Name Generator?
Box: Contact Lists in Phones and Personal Networks
6.2 How Social Ties Are Stored in Memory and How They Are Recalled
Box: Probing
6.3 Defining the Boundaries of Personal Networks
6.4 Name Generators for Eliciting Intentional (Nonrandom) Subsets of Alters
Box: Multiple Name Generators for Social Support
Box: Single- and Multiple-Name Generators
6.5 A Name Generator for Eliciting a Random Subset of Alters
6.6 Additional Qualifiers of the Network Boundary
6.7 Alternative Approaches to Name Generators
Box: Keeping Diaries of Contacts during Three Months and Beyond
6.8 Final Remarks
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
7. Collecting Alter Attributes
What Is This Chapter About?
7.1 What Is a Name Interpreter?
7.2 What We Really Know about Alters
Box: Alters’ Real Attributes or the Ego’s Perception of Their Attributes?
7.3 Questions about the Attributes of Alters
7.4 Questions about Relationships between the Ego and the Alter
Box: Tie Strength: Closeness, Duration of Relationship, or Frequency of Contact?
Box: Level of Knowing, Duration of Relationship, and Frequency of Contact
Box: The Friendship Label
7.5 How Many Questions about Alters? Respondent Burden
Box: Ordering Questions about Alters Alterwise or Questionwise
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
8. Collecting Data about Ties between Alters
What Is This Chapter About?
8.1 What Is an Edge Interpreter?
8.2 What We Really Know about Alter–Alter Ties
8.3 Alter–Alter Prompts
Box: Detailed Answer Categories for Smaller Personal Networks
8.4 Respondent Burden
Box: The Reliability of Respondents’ Evaluations of Alter–Alter Ties
Box: A Different Way to Explore Network Structure and Composition
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
9. Visualizing Personal Networks
What Is This Chapter About?
9.1 Personal Network Visualization: Basic Principles
9.2 Collecting Personal Network Data through Visual Displays
9.3 Network Visualizations as Cues in Qualitative Interviews
9.4 Comparing Personal Networks through Visualizations
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
10. Measuring Personal Network Characteristics without Generating Names
What Is This Chapter About?
10.1 Characteristics of Larger Personal Networks
10.2 Personal Network Size
Box: The Random Mixing Assumption in the Network Scale-Up Method
10.3 Social Distance
10.4 Social Capital
10.5 Social Support
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
11. Analyzing Personal Network Composition and Structure
What Is This Chapter About?
11.1 Summarizing Name Interpreters and Edge Interpreters by Respondents
11.2 Creating Simple Compositional Variables from Personal Networks
Box: How to Use SPSS for Working with Personal Network Data
11.3 More Advanced Compositional Variables
Box: The Power of Homophily
11.4 Creating Simple Structural Variables from Personal Networks
Box: To Include or to Exclude Ego?
Box: Personality and Personal Network Structure
11.5 Creating Compositional Variables Based on More Than One Attribute
11.6 Creating Variables That Combine Composition and Structure
Box: 11.7 Adding Compositional and Structural Variables to the Dataset
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
12. Statistical Modeling with Personal Network Data: The Level of Egos
What Is This Chapter About?
12.1 Personal Network Data and Statistical Modeling
12.2 Predicting Ego-Level Dependent Variables
12.3 Models for Non-Network Dependent Variables
Box: Using Personal Network Characteristics to Predict Immigrant Assimilation
Box: The Effect of Personal Network Exposure on Reproductive Health Behavior
Box: A Longitudinal Analysis of Personal Support Networks and Depression
Box: Using Cluster Analysis to Find Types of Immigrants’ Personal Networks
12.4 Models for Network Dependent Variables
Box: Predicting Network Dependent Variables with Generalized Linear Models
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
13. Statistical Modeling with Personal Network Data: The Level of Alters and Ties
What Is This Chapter About?
13.1 Statistical Models for Alters or Ego–Alter Ties
Box: Testing Theories on Social Support with Hierarchical Models for Personal Networks
13.2 Statistical Models for Alter–Alter Ties
Box: Modeling Alter–Alter Ties to Study Transitivity and Homophily
Box: Using Personal Networks to Estimate Whole Network Characteristics through ERGMs
Box: Using SAOMs to Examine the Evolution of Alter–Alter Ties over Time
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
14. Ethics in Personal Network Research
What Is This Chapter About?
14.1 Personal Network Research and Ethical Dilemmas
14.2 Gaining Consent
14.3 Confidentiality
Box: Incentives and Respondent-Driven Sampling
14.4 Social Media and Mobile Phones
14.5 Managing and Publishing Personal Network Data
Box: Doing Network Research in Organizational Settings
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
Appendix
References
1. Introduction
What Is This Chapter About?
1.1 Everyone Has a Personal Network
1.2 The Size, Composition, and Structure of Personal Networks
1.3 Egos, Alters, Egocentric Networks, and Sociocentric Networks
1.4 Should I Use Personal Network or Whole Network Analysis?
Box: Combining Personal and Whole Networks
1.5 Who Is This Book For?
1.6 Book Overview
Chapter Summary
2. How Personal Networks Have Been Used So Far
What Is This Chapter About?
2.1 A Brief History of Personal Network Analysis
Box: The Bott Hypothesis about Conjugal Roles and Social Networks
Box: Clyde Mitchell and the Manchester School
Box: The Small World Experiment
Box: The East York Studies
2.2 What We Currently Know about Personal Networks
2.3 Theoretical Frameworks for Effects of Personal Networks on Individual Outcomes
2.4 Final Remarks
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
3. Developing a Research Question
What Is This Chapter About?
3.1 Research Questions, Hypotheses, and Objectives
3.2 Outcomes and Social Determinants
3.3 Real or Perceived?
3.4 Some Examples of Questions and Hypotheses in Personal Network Research
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
4. Getting Started: Selecting a Population, Survey Mode, and Sampling Frames
What Is This Chapter About?
4.1 Deciding Whether Personal Network Analysis Is Appropriate
4.2 Selecting a Population
Box: Neighborhood Networks and Status
Box: Emotional Support and Cognitive Functioning among the Elderly
Box: Social Support and Smoking in African American Adults
4.3 The Survey Mode
4.4 The Sampling Frame
4.5 Integration with Larger Surveys
4.6 Identifying Dependent and Explanatory Variables
Box: Loneliness and Dementia
Box: Personal Networks and Ethnic Identity
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
5. Questions about the Ego
What Is This Chapter About?
5.1 Variables and Research Aims: What Questions to Ask
Box: Personal Networks and Social Support: Comparing Two Ethnic Groups in Southern California
5.2 Levels of Measurement
Box: Needle-Sharing and Personal Network Correlates
5.3 Wording a Question
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
6. Delineating Personal Networks: Alter Elicitation
What Is This Chapter About?
6.1 What Is a Name Generator?
Box: Contact Lists in Phones and Personal Networks
6.2 How Social Ties Are Stored in Memory and How They Are Recalled
Box: Probing
6.3 Defining the Boundaries of Personal Networks
6.4 Name Generators for Eliciting Intentional (Nonrandom) Subsets of Alters
Box: Multiple Name Generators for Social Support
Box: Single- and Multiple-Name Generators
6.5 A Name Generator for Eliciting a Random Subset of Alters
6.6 Additional Qualifiers of the Network Boundary
6.7 Alternative Approaches to Name Generators
Box: Keeping Diaries of Contacts during Three Months and Beyond
6.8 Final Remarks
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
7. Collecting Alter Attributes
What Is This Chapter About?
7.1 What Is a Name Interpreter?
7.2 What We Really Know about Alters
Box: Alters’ Real Attributes or the Ego’s Perception of Their Attributes?
7.3 Questions about the Attributes of Alters
7.4 Questions about Relationships between the Ego and the Alter
Box: Tie Strength: Closeness, Duration of Relationship, or Frequency of Contact?
Box: Level of Knowing, Duration of Relationship, and Frequency of Contact
Box: The Friendship Label
7.5 How Many Questions about Alters? Respondent Burden
Box: Ordering Questions about Alters Alterwise or Questionwise
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
8. Collecting Data about Ties between Alters
What Is This Chapter About?
8.1 What Is an Edge Interpreter?
8.2 What We Really Know about Alter–Alter Ties
8.3 Alter–Alter Prompts
Box: Detailed Answer Categories for Smaller Personal Networks
8.4 Respondent Burden
Box: The Reliability of Respondents’ Evaluations of Alter–Alter Ties
Box: A Different Way to Explore Network Structure and Composition
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
9. Visualizing Personal Networks
What Is This Chapter About?
9.1 Personal Network Visualization: Basic Principles
9.2 Collecting Personal Network Data through Visual Displays
9.3 Network Visualizations as Cues in Qualitative Interviews
9.4 Comparing Personal Networks through Visualizations
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
10. Measuring Personal Network Characteristics without Generating Names
What Is This Chapter About?
10.1 Characteristics of Larger Personal Networks
10.2 Personal Network Size
Box: The Random Mixing Assumption in the Network Scale-Up Method
10.3 Social Distance
10.4 Social Capital
10.5 Social Support
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
11. Analyzing Personal Network Composition and Structure
What Is This Chapter About?
11.1 Summarizing Name Interpreters and Edge Interpreters by Respondents
11.2 Creating Simple Compositional Variables from Personal Networks
Box: How to Use SPSS for Working with Personal Network Data
11.3 More Advanced Compositional Variables
Box: The Power of Homophily
11.4 Creating Simple Structural Variables from Personal Networks
Box: To Include or to Exclude Ego?
Box: Personality and Personal Network Structure
11.5 Creating Compositional Variables Based on More Than One Attribute
11.6 Creating Variables That Combine Composition and Structure
Box: 11.7 Adding Compositional and Structural Variables to the Dataset
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
12. Statistical Modeling with Personal Network Data: The Level of Egos
What Is This Chapter About?
12.1 Personal Network Data and Statistical Modeling
12.2 Predicting Ego-Level Dependent Variables
12.3 Models for Non-Network Dependent Variables
Box: Using Personal Network Characteristics to Predict Immigrant Assimilation
Box: The Effect of Personal Network Exposure on Reproductive Health Behavior
Box: A Longitudinal Analysis of Personal Support Networks and Depression
Box: Using Cluster Analysis to Find Types of Immigrants’ Personal Networks
12.4 Models for Network Dependent Variables
Box: Predicting Network Dependent Variables with Generalized Linear Models
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
13. Statistical Modeling with Personal Network Data: The Level of Alters and Ties
What Is This Chapter About?
13.1 Statistical Models for Alters or Ego–Alter Ties
Box: Testing Theories on Social Support with Hierarchical Models for Personal Networks
13.2 Statistical Models for Alter–Alter Ties
Box: Modeling Alter–Alter Ties to Study Transitivity and Homophily
Box: Using Personal Networks to Estimate Whole Network Characteristics through ERGMs
Box: Using SAOMs to Examine the Evolution of Alter–Alter Ties over Time
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
14. Ethics in Personal Network Research
What Is This Chapter About?
14.1 Personal Network Research and Ethical Dilemmas
14.2 Gaining Consent
14.3 Confidentiality
Box: Incentives and Respondent-Driven Sampling
14.4 Social Media and Mobile Phones
14.5 Managing and Publishing Personal Network Data
Box: Doing Network Research in Organizational Settings
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
Appendix
References
Biography
Christopher McCarty, PhD, is Professor and Chair of Anthropology at the University of Florida, where he is also Director of the Bureau of Economic and Business Research. He has done research on personal networks since the 1980s and is the developer of EgoNet, the first program for the collection and analysis of personal network data. Dr. McCarty has conducted studies of migration, disasters, substance abuse, homelessness, and racism. Along with his coauthors, he conducted the largest personal network study of migrants to date, using data from Spain and the United States.
Miranda J. Lubbers, PhD, is Associate Professor in the Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain, and Director of the Research Group on Fundamental and Oriented Anthropology. Dr. Lubbers has investigated personal networks in the area of migration and transnationalism, poverty and livelihood strategies, and social cohesion in Spain. Currently she directs two research projects using personal networks. She also co-organizes a biennial international summer school in Personal Network Analysis.
Raffaele Vacca, PhD, is Research Assistant Professor of Sociology at the University of Florida. Dr. Vacca designed and conducted one of the first personal network surveys among international migrants in Italy. In the past few years he has taught courses and workshops on quantitative methods and statistical software for social network analysis at several international conferences and universities in Europe, the United States, and Latin America. His current interests focus on international migration, health disparities, social networks, and science and scientific collaboration.
José Luis Molina, PhD, is Associate Professor in the Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain. He is also president of the University's Research Ethics Committee. Dr. Molina is an economic anthropologist who studies the emergence of socioeconomic structures such as migrant enclaves and transnational fields. He is interested in mixed-methods approaches combining ethnography and personal network analysis, with a focus on Southeast Europe, and Romania in particular.
Miranda J. Lubbers, PhD, is Associate Professor in the Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain, and Director of the Research Group on Fundamental and Oriented Anthropology. Dr. Lubbers has investigated personal networks in the area of migration and transnationalism, poverty and livelihood strategies, and social cohesion in Spain. Currently she directs two research projects using personal networks. She also co-organizes a biennial international summer school in Personal Network Analysis.
Raffaele Vacca, PhD, is Research Assistant Professor of Sociology at the University of Florida. Dr. Vacca designed and conducted one of the first personal network surveys among international migrants in Italy. In the past few years he has taught courses and workshops on quantitative methods and statistical software for social network analysis at several international conferences and universities in Europe, the United States, and Latin America. His current interests focus on international migration, health disparities, social networks, and science and scientific collaboration.
José Luis Molina, PhD, is Associate Professor in the Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain. He is also president of the University's Research Ethics Committee. Dr. Molina is an economic anthropologist who studies the emergence of socioeconomic structures such as migrant enclaves and transnational fields. He is interested in mixed-methods approaches combining ethnography and personal network analysis, with a focus on Southeast Europe, and Romania in particular.
"Spectacular. The writing is clear, accessible, and succinct, yet unusually comprehensive. The book covers most of what any researcher new to this important kind of analysis would want to know, such as how to think about research questions, conduct research ethically, and collect data effectively. But this book is not only for beginners--experienced researchers will find it a useful reference on many important issues, such as the precise ways that different question wordings in surveys can affect results, and the strengths and benefits of different visualization strategies."--Mario Luis Small, PhD, Grafstein Family Professor of Sociology, Harvard University-
"This is the best applied textbook on social network analysis I have read. It covers everything from planning and conducting a network study to using network analysis to answer network-specific questions. It provides real-life examples and conceptual explanations in clear, understandable language. The book offers the perfect balance of foundational knowledge of network processes and practical tips for examining them. This is a 'must read' for anyone embarking on network research."--Leslie Echols, PhD, Department of Psychology, Missouri State University
"A sound, well-written, and authoritative guide on how to do (and interpret) personal network research. The book nicely links personal network analysis to broader methodological approaches. I really like the boxed research case examples. I recommend this book and will use it both in teaching and professionally.”--Barry Wellman, PhD, Director, NetLab Network, Toronto, Canada
"This is an exciting book because it can be used by so many. Researchers new to personal network analysis get definitions, concepts, and design help that will get them going and carry them a long way. At the same time, the book has nuggets that even the most experienced in the field will value. The authors know well many of the methodological issues regarding social network analysis, and have made important contributions, specifically regarding the measurement of networks, the use of multilevel models, and generation of network visualizations. But they also know fieldwork and the deeper scientific issues and challenges that often accompany methodological decisions. This is evidence-based practice at its best. I will immediately recommend this book to several of my students engaging in analysis of personal networks, as well as others who will benefit from specific chapters. I can think of several projects in the past that would have benefited from this book. I am thrilled that it is here now."--Ken Frank, PhD, MSU Foundation Professor of Sociometrics, Department of Counseling, Educational Psychology, and Special Education, Michigan State University
"The book describes the breadth of research in the field. It walks the reader through the process of creating a personal network, typically through a name generator, and addresses important conceptual considerations and pitfalls. I'm a big fan of the boxed examples throughout the book; they tend to summarize really interesting findings. The authors impart a great deal of wisdom and provide enough information to work from initial conceptualization to analysis and presentation of results.”--Bernie Hogan, PhD, Senior Research Fellow, Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
"This is an ideal introductory book for graduate students and researchers interested in studying personal networks. The authors provide great illustrations and case studies of personal networks and why they matter to many outcomes of interest, across fields as diverse as sociology, organizational science, and public health. Descriptions of the challenges that often arise when studying personal networks--and the pros and cons of various solutions--will doubtless help readers make informed decisions when planning their own research."--Kayla de la Haye, PhD, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
"Written by leading, accomplished scholars, this is a rich how-to guide for students seeking to conduct network analysis. In particular, the book explains well the care--both conceptual and practical--that must be taken to best construct and measure the qualities of social ties."--Claude S. Fischer, PhD, Professor of the Graduate School, Department of Sociology, University of California, Berkeley
