Lexicology Critical Concepts in Linguistics

Volume 1: Philosophy and Word Meaning

Part 1: Foundations

1. Aristotle (4th century BC), ‘Meaning and Essence’, excerpts from Aristotle’s writings, selected, arranged, and edited by Ekaterini Stathi (Berlin, 2005)

2. Porphyry, ‘Eisagoge’, Introduction to Aristotle’s Categories, trans. J. Barnes (Oxford, 2003), pp. 3–19

3. John Wilkins (1668), excerpts from Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language (London: The Royal Society)

4. John Locke (1690), ‘Of the signification of words’, Chapters 1 to 5 from Book III of the Essay Concerning Human Understanding, and Table of Contents of Book III (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975), pp. 402–38

5. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1704), excerpts from ‘Table de definitions’, in Louis Couturat (ed.), Opuscules et fragments inédits de Leibniz (Paris: Felix Alcan, 1903), selected by Donald Rutherford, trans. Emily Rutherford

6. Louis Couturat (1903), excerpts from The Logic of Leibniz, trans. Donald Rutherford and Timothy Monroe, published on the Internet (1997–2002)

7. Bertrand Russell, ‘Words and Meaning’, The Analysis of Mind (London: Allen & Unwin, 1922), pp. 135–44

Part 2: Beyond Necessary Conditions

8. Ludwig Wittgenstein, excerpts from Philosophical Investigations, selected and edited by Yorick Wilks (Oxford, 2005)

9. Willard van Orman Quine (1940), ‘Use Versus Mention’, in Willard van Orman Quine, Mathematical Logic (New York: Norton)

10. Willard van Orman Quine, excerpts from Word and Object (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1960), pp. 51–7; 80–95; 114–34

11. Hilary Putnam (1970), ‘Is Semantics Possible?’, in H. Kiefer and M. Munitz (eds.), Languages, Believe and Metaphysics, Volume I of Contemporary Philosophic Thought: The International Philosophy Year Conferences at Brockport (reprinted in Mind, Language and Reality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975), pp. 139–52)

12. Hilary Putnam (1975), ‘The Meaning of "Meaning"’, in K. Gunderson (ed.), Language, Mind, and Knowledge, Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science, VII (University of Minnesota Press) (reprinted in Mind, Language and Reality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 215–71)

13. J. L. Austin, ‘Performative-constative’, in Charles E. Caton (ed.), Philosophy and Ordinary Language, trans. G. J. Warnock (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1963), pp. 22–54

Part 3: Variability and Vagueness

14. Jorge Luis Borges, ‘The Analytical Language of John Wilkins’, in Jorge Luis Borges, Other Inquisitions: 1937–1952, trans. Ruth L. Simms (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1964), pp. 101–5

15. William Labov, ‘The Boundaries of Words and their Meanings’, in C.-J. Bailey and R. Shuy (eds.), New Ways of Analyzing Variation in English (Washington DC: Georgetown University Press, 1973), pp. 340–73

16. Anna Wierzbicka, ‘Precision in Vagueness’, Journal of Pragmatics, 10, 1986, pp. 597–613

17. Anna Wierzbicka, extracts from ‘Introduction’ and ‘The Promise Group’, in English Speech Act Verbs (Sydney: Academic Press, 1987), pp. 1–26; 30–2; 205–13

18. Timothy Williamson, ‘Vagueness, Indeterminacy and Social Meaning’, in Colin B. Grant and Donald McLaughlin (eds.), Language – Meaning – Social Construction: Interdisciplinary Studies (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2001), pp. 61–76

Volume 2: Lexical Semantics and Structures

Part 4: Semantic Field Theory

19. Walter Porzig, ‘Intrinsic Semantic Relations’, trans. Elke Gehweiler (originally published as ‘Wesenhafte Bedeutungsbeziehungen’, Beiträge zur deutschen Sprache und Literatur, 58, 1934, pp. 70–97)

20. Jost Trier, ‘The Linguistic Field: An Investigation’, trans. Elke Gehweiler (originally published as ‘Das Sprachliche Feld: Eine Auseinandersetzung’, Neue Jahrbücher für Wissenschaft und Jugendbildung, 10, 1934, pp. 428–49)

21. Helmut Gipper, ‘Sessel oder Stuhl? A Contribution to the Definition of Word Contents in the Object World’, trans. Elke Gehweiler (originally published as ‘Sessel oder Stuhl? Ein Beitrag zur Bestimmung von Wortinhalten im Bereich der Sachkultur’, in Helmut Gipper (ed.), Sprache: Schlüssel zur Welt; Festschrift für Leo Weisgerber (Düsseldorf: Pädagogischer Verlag Schwann, 1959), pp. 271–92)

22. Wolfgang Wildgen, ‘The History and Future of Field Semantics: From Giordano Bruno to Dynamic Semantics’, in L. Albertazzi (ed.), Meaning and Cognition: A Multidisciplinary Approach (Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2000), pp. 203–26

Part 5: Structuralist Semantics

23. Louis Hjelmslev, ‘Dans quelle mésure les significations des mots peuvent-elle être considerées comme formant une structure?’, in Eva Sivertsen et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Linguists (Oslo: Oslo University Press, 1958), pp. 636–54

24. Bernard Pottier, ‘Vers une sémantique moderne’, in Travaux de linguistique et de Littérature, 2, 1, 1964, pp. 107–37

25. Eugenio Coseriu, ‘Towards a Structuralist Diachronic Demantics’, trans. Patrick Hanks (originally published as ‘Pour une sémantique diachronique structurale’ in Travaux de linguistique et de littérature (Centre de Philologie et de Littératures Romanes de l’Université de Strasbourg, II/1, 1964), pp. 139–86)

26. John Lyons, ‘Semantic structure’, in Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969), pp. 443–81

Part 6: Componential Analysis of Kinship

27. Ward H. Goodenough, ‘Componential Analysis and the Study of Meaning’, Language, 32, 1956, pp. 195–216

28. Floyd G. Lounsbury, ‘The Structural Analysis of Kinship Semantics’, in Proceedings of the 9th International Congress of Linguists, Cambridge MA 1962 (The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter, 1964), pp. 164–92

Part 7: The Lexicon in Early Generative Grammar: Markerese

29. Jerrold J. Katz and Jerry Fodor, ‘The Structure of a Semantic Theory’, Language, 39, 2, 1963, pp. 170–210

30. Dwight Bolinger, ‘The Atomization of Meaning’, Language, 41, 4, 1965, pp. 555–73

31. Manfred Bierwisch, ‘Some Semantic Universals of German Adjectivals’, Foundations of Language, 3, 1967, pp. 1–36

Part 8: The Lexicon in Modern Generative Theory

32. James Pustejovsky, ‘The Generative Lexicon’, Computational Linguistics, 17, 4, 1991, pp. 409–41

33. Ray Jackendoff, ‘What’s in the Lexicon?’, in Sieb Nootebom, Fred Weerman, and Frank Wijnen (eds.), Storage and Computation in the Language Faculty (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 2002), pp. 23–58

Volume 3: Core Meaning, Extended Meaning

Part 9: Primes and Universals

34. Andrzej Boguslawski, ‘On Semantic Primitives and Meaningfulness’, in A. J. Greimas, R. Jacobson, M. R. Mayenowa et al. (eds.), Sign, Language, Culture (The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter, 1970), pp. 143–52

35. Jurij D. Apresjan, ‘On the Language of Explications and Semantic Primitives’, in Systematic Lexicography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 215–23

36. Anna Wierzbicka (1995), ‘Universal Semantic Primitives as a Basis for Lexical Semantics’, Folia Linguistica, 29, 1–2, pp. 149–69

37. Stephen G. Pulman, ‘Lexical Decomposition: For and Against’, in John I. Tait (ed.), Charting a New Course: Natural Language Processing and Information Retrieval: Essays in Honour of Karen Spärck Jones (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic/Springer, 2005), pp. 155–74

38. Danielle Corbin and Martine Temple, ‘Le monde des mots et des sens construits: catégories sémantiques, catégories référentielles’, Cahiers de lexicologie, 65, 1994, pp. 213–36

39. Cliff Goddard, ‘Lexico-semantic universals: a critical overview’, Linguistic Typology, 5, 1, 2005, pp. 1–66

Part 10:Polysemy

40. Jurij D. Apresjan, ‘Regular Polysemy’, Linguistics, 142, 1973, pp. 5–32

41. Jiwei Ci, ‘Synonymy and Polysemy’, Lingua, 72, 1987, pp. 315–31

42. Paul D. Deane, ‘Polysemy and Cognition’, Lingua, 75, 1988, pp. 325–61

43. Adrienne Lehrer, ‘Polysemy, Conventionality, and the Structure of the Lexicon’, Cognitive Linguistics, 1–2, 1990, pp. 207–46

44. Dirk Geeraerts, ‘Vagueness’s Puzzles, Polysemy’s Vagaries’, Cognitive Linguistics, 4, 1993, pp. 223–72

45. David Tuggy, ‘Ambiguity, Polysemy, and Vagueness’, Cognitive Linguistics, 4, 1993, pp. 273–90

Part 11: Cross-Linguistic Comparative Lexicology

46. Cecil H. Brown, ‘Lexical Typology From an Anthropological Point of View’, Sprachtypologie und Sprachuniversalien (Berlin, New York: De Gruyter, 2001), pp. 1178–90

47. Cliff Goddard, ‘Thinking Across Languages and Cultures: Six Dimensions of Variation’, Cognitive Linguistics, 14, 2/3, 2002, pp. 109–40

Volume 4: Syntagmatics

Part 12: Syntagmatics: The Firthian Tradition

48. Michael Halliday, ‘Lexis as a Linguistic Level’, in C. E. Bazell, J. C. Catford, M. A. K. Halliday, and R. H. Robins (eds.), In Memory of J. R. Firth (London: Longman, 1966), pp. 148–62

49. John Sinclair, ‘Beginning the Study of Lexis’, in C. E. Bazell, J. C. Catford, M. A. K. Halliday, and R. H. Robins (eds.), In Memory of J. R. Firth (London: Longman, 1966), pp. 410–30

50. Eugene O. Winter, ‘A Look at the Role of Certain Words in Information Structure’, in K. P. Jones and V. Horsnell (eds.), Informatics 3: Proceedings of a Conference Held by the Aslib Co-ordinate Indexing Group (1978), pp. 85–97

51. John Sinclair, ‘The Lexical Item’, in Edda Weigand (ed.), Contrastive Lexical Semantics (Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1998), pp. 1–24

52. Michael Hoey, ‘The Textual Priming of Lexis’, in Guy Aston, Silvia Bernardini, and Dominic Stewart (eds.), Corpora and Language Learners (Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2004), pp. 21–41

53. Alan Partington, ‘"Utterly Content in Each Other’s Company": Semantic Prosody and Semantic Preference’, International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 9, 1, 2004, pp. 131–56

Part 13: Lexicon Grammar

54. Maurice Gross, ‘Constructing Lexicon-Grammars’, in B. T. S. Atkins and A. Zampolli (eds.), Computational Approaches to the Lexicon (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), pp. 213–63

55. Christian Leclère, ‘Organization of the Lexicon-Grammar of French Verbs’, Lingvisticae Investigationes, 25: 1 (Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2002), pp. 29–48

56. Richard Hudson (2002), ‘Buying and Selling in Word Grammar’, in József Andor and Peter Pelyvás (eds.), Empirical Cognitive-Based Studies in the Semantics-Pragmatics Interface (Oxford: Elsevier Science, 2006)

Part 14: Frame Semantics

57. Charles J. Fillmore, ‘An Alternative to Checklist Theories of Meaning’, Papers from the First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 1975, pp. 123–32

58. Beryl Atkins and Charles J. Fillmore, ‘Towards a Frame-Based Lexicon: The Semantics of RISK and its Neighbors’, in Adrienne Lehrer and Eva F. Kittay (eds.), Frames, Fields and Contrasts: New Essays in Semantic and Lexical Organization (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1992), pp. 75–102

59. Adrienne Lehrer, ‘Names and Naming: Why We Need Fields and Frames’, in Adrienne Lehrer and Eva F. Kittay (eds.), Frames, Fields and Contrasts (Hillsdale, NJ: Laurence Erlbaum, 1992), pp. 123–41

60. Thierry Fontenelle, ‘A Bilingual Lexical Database for Frame Semantics’, International Journal of Lexicography, 13, 4, 2000, pp. 232–48

Part 15: Preferences, Meaning, and Context

61. Jeffrey Gruber, ‘Look and See’, Language, 43, 1967, pp. 937–47

62. Yorick Wilks, ‘Frames, Semantics and Novelty’, in Dieter Metzing (ed.), Frame Conceptions and Text Understanding (Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1980), pp. 134–63

63. Anna Wierzbicka, ‘Why Can You Have a Drink When You Can’t *Have an Eat?’, Language, 58, 1982, pp. 753–69

64. Eugene Nida, ‘The Molecular Level of Lexical Semantics’, International Journal of Lexicography, 10, 4, 1997, pp. 265–74

Volume 5: Cognition and the Lexicon

Part 16: Child Language Acquisition

65. Roger W. Brown, ‘How Shall a Thing be Called?’, Psychological Review, 65, 1958, pp. 14–21

66. Eve Clark, ‘What’s in a Word? On the Child’s Acquisition of Semantics in His First Language’, in T. E. Moore (ed.), Cognitive Development and the Acquisition of Language (New York: Academic Press, 1973), pp. 65–110

67. Eve Clark, ‘Conceptual Perspective and Lexical Choice in Acquisition’, Cognition, 64, 1997, pp. 1–37

68. J. C. Goodman, L. McDonough, and N. B. Brown, ‘The Role of Semantic Context and Memory in the Acquisition of Novel Nouns’, Child Development, 69, 1998, pp. 1330–44

Part 17: Prototypes and Stereotypes

69. Eleanor Rosch, ‘Cognitive Representation of Semantic Categories’, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 104, 1975, pp. 192–233

70. Nick Braisby, ‘Situating Word Meaning’, in R. Cooper, K. Mukai, and J. Perry (eds.), Situation Theory and its Applications, Vol. I (Stanford, CA: Center for the Study of Language and Information, 1990), pp. 315–41

71. George Lakoff, ‘Hedges and Meaning Criteria’, in Raven I. McDavid and Audrey R. Duckert (eds.), Lexicography in English: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1973, pp. 144–53

72. Patrick Hanks, ‘Linguistic Norms and Pragmatic Explanations, or Why Lexicographers Need Prototype Theory, and Vice Versa’, in F. Kiefer, G. Kiss and J. Pajzs (eds.), Papers in Computational Lexicography: Complex ’94 (Research Institute for Linguistics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1994), pp. 89–113

Part 18: The Mental Lexicon

73. Lawrence W. Barsalou, ‘Ad hoc Categories’, Memory and Cognition, 11, 1983, pp. 211–27

74. Roger W. Schvaneveldt, David E. Meyer, and Curtis A. Becker, ‘Lexical Ambiguity, Semantic Context, and Visual Word Recognition’, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2, 1976, pp. 243–56

75. Sharon Lee Armstrong, Lila R. Gleitman, and Henry Gleitman, ‘What Some Concepts Might Not Be’, Cognition, 13, 1983, pp. 263–308

76. Herbert H. Clark and Richard Gerrig, ‘Understanding Old Words With New Meanings’, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 22, 1983, pp. 591–608

77. Mira Ariel, ‘The Demise of a Unique Literal Meaning’, Journal of Pragmatics, 34, 2002, pp. 361–402

78. Tomasz P. Krzeszowski, ‘The Axiological Aspect of Idealized Cognitive Models’, in J. Tomaszczyk and B. Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk (eds.), Meaning and Lexicography (Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1990), pp. 135–65

Volume 6: Formal Approaches to the Lexicon

Part 19: Meaning: Text Theory

79. Igor Mel’cuk et al., ‘Introduction’, in Dictionnaire Explicatif et Combinatoire du Français Contemporain (1984), pp. 3–16

80. Igor Mel’cuk et al., articles on admiration, admirer, désespoir, enthousiasme, envie, étonnement, étonner, s’étonner, in Dictionnaire Explicatif et Combinatoire du Français Contemporain (1984), pp. 54–7, 90–2, 97–105

81. Igor Mel’cuk, ‘Semantic Description of Lexical Units in an Explanatory Combinatorial Dictionary: Basic Principles and Heuristic Criteria’, International Journal of Lexicography, 1, 3, 1988, pp. 165–88

82. Igor Mel’cuk, ‘Collocations dans le dictionnaire’, in Th. Szende (ed.), Les écarts culturels dans les Dictionnaires bilingues (Paris: Honoré Champion, 2003), pp. 19–64

Part 20: Statistics of Word Association

83. Michael Lesk, ‘Automatic Sense Disambiguation Using Machine Readable Dictionaries: How to Tell a Pine Cone from an Ice Cream Cone’, in Proceedings of the 1986 SIGDOC Conference (New York: Association for Computing Machinery, 1986), pp. 24–6

84. Michael Lesk, ‘They Said True Things, But Called Them by Wrong Names: Vocabulary Problems Over Time in Retrieval’, Proceedings of the 1988 Waterloo OED Conference (University of Waterloo, Ontario, 1988), pp. 1–10

85. Kenneth Church and Patrick Hanks, ‘Word Association Norms, Mutual Information, and Lexicography’, Proceedings of the 27th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 1990, edited version reprinted in Computational Linguistics, 16, 1, 1990, pp. 22–9

86. Gregory Grefenstette, ‘Multilingual Corpus-Based Extraction and the Very Large Lexicon’, Languages and Computers, 43, 1, 2002, pp. 137–49

87. Patrick Pantel and Dekang Lin, ‘Discovering Word Senses from Text’, in Proceedings of ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining 2002 (Edmonton, Canada, 2002), pp. 613–19

88. Robert C. Moore, ‘On Log-Likelihood-Ratios and the Significance of Rare Events’, in Dekang Lin and Dekai Wu (eds.), Proceedings of EMNLP 2004 (Barcelona: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2004), pp. 333–40

89. Adam Kilgarriff, ‘How Dominant is the Commonest Sense of a Word?’, in P. Sojka, I. Kopecek, and K. Pala (eds.), Text, Speech, Dialogue: Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence (Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2004), pp. 103–11

90. Adam Kilgarriff, Pavel Rychly, Pavel Smrz, David Tugwell (2004), ‘The sketch engine’ (www.sketchengine.co.uk/sketch-engine-elx04.pdf. 2004)

Part 21: Lexical Resources for Computational Language Processing

91. Harold R. Robison, ‘Computer-Detectable Semantic Structures’, Information Storage and Retrieval, 6, 3, 1970, pp. 273–88

92. George Miller and Christiane Fellbaum (1991), ‘Semantic Networks of English’, Cognition, 41, 1–3, 1991, special issue edited by B. Levin and S. Pinker, pp. 197–229

93. Simon C. Dik, ‘Linguistically Motivated Knowledge Representation’, in M. Nagao (ed.), Language and Artificial Intelligence (Amsterdam: North Holland Publishers, 1986), pp. 145–70

94. Piek Vossen and Laura Bloksma, ‘Categories and Classifications in EuroWordNet’, in Antonio Rubio, Natividad Gallardo, Rosa Castro, and Antonio Tejada (eds.), Proceedings of First International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, Granada, 28–30 May 1998, pp. 399–408

95. Piek Vossen, Wim Peters, and Julio Gonzalo, ‘Towards a Universal Index of Meaning’, in Proceedings of ACL-99 Workshop, Siglex-99, Standardizing Lexical Resources (College Park, Maryland: University of Maryland, 1999), pp. 81–90

Part 22: Computational Representation of the Lexicon

96. James Pustejovsky and Bran Boguraev, ‘Lexical Knowledge Representation and Natural Language Processing’, Artificial Intelligence, 63, 1993, pp. 193–223

97. Ann A. Copestake and Ted Briscoe, ‘Semi-Productive Polysemy and Sense Extension’, Journal of Semantics, 12, 1995, pp. 15–67

98. Sergej Nirenburg, ‘Homer, the Author of The Iliad and the Computational-Linguistic Turn’

99. Graeme Hirst and Jane Morris, ‘Non-classical Lexical Semantic Relations’, Workshop on Computational Lexical Semantics, Human Language Technology Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Boston, May 2004