Mass spectrometry has played an integral part in the study of organic molecular structures for more than 50 years, offering significant information from small amounts of sample. The mass spectrum produced by electron impact ionization presents a pattern of peaks that can often give definitive structural information about an unknown compound. Introductory Mass Spectrometry, Second Edition guides readers in the understanding and recognition of those patterns, discussing mass spectra in terms that are familiar to chemists. It provides a basis for chemists to interpret mass spectra to solve particular structural problems.
The Second Edition has been updated with modern techniques and data handling. Beginning with an introduction to the principles and instrumentation, it then sequentially explains the processes that occur in the mass spectrometer following ionization. The book is unique in the large number of mass spectra presented and provides examples of mass spectra from a wide variety of organic chemicals, concentrating on the relationships between fragmentation patterns, common chemical reactions, and chemical structures. The book also discusses mass spectra obtained with softer ionization techniques, which provide definitive information regarding molecular weights.
The text describes mass spectra produced by electron ionization, discussing how the spectral peak pattern relates to molecular structure. It details the use of high-resolution and accurate mass measurement to determine elemental composition of ions in order to identify unknown substances. The book also introduces some of the recent techniques that can be employed to extend the usefulness of mass spectrometry to high molecular weight substances and more polar substances. It includes examples and problems representing a cross section of organic chemistry to help readers integrate the principles presented.
INTRODUCTION
What is Mass?
Fragmentation
The Mass Spectrometer
sample Introduction
Ionization
Mass Separation
Resolution
Ion Detection
Data Presentation
ELECTRON IONIZATION
Ion Formation
Types of Ions
Molecular Ion
Fragment Ion
Multiply Charged Ion
Molecular Ions
Isotope Peaks
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
Multiply Charged Ions
Neutral Fragments
Basic Mass Spectral Reactions
Introduction
Simple cleavage
Multicenter fragmentations
Expulsion of Stable Neutral Fragments
Interpreting EI Mass Spectra
ACCURATE MASS MEASUREMENT
Introduction
Mass Calibration
Elemental Compositions
Applications
MODERN TECHNIQUES
Introduction
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Introduction
Applications
Low Energy Ionization
Low Electron Energy
Field Ionization
Fast Atom Bombardment
Photoionization
Chemical Ionization
Electrospray Ionization
Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization
Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization
Direct Analysis in Real Time
Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Introduction
Applications
Appendix I Answers to Problems
Index
Biography
Stephen Shrader , founder of Shrader Analytical and Consulting Laboratories, was among the early third-generation mass spectroscopists, starting in 1963. He is an internationally recognized expert in the use of mass spectrometry for structural elucidation and resolution of chemical problems in the petroleum, pharmaceutical, environmental, and polymer fields. His work has included periods in academia, the pharmaceutical industry, and a long stint as a consultant to the overall chemical industry. Throughout his 40-plus-year career, he has shared his experiences and knowledge of mass spectrometry via numerous seminars and classes. He has also been instrumental in developing a set of software tools called TSS Unity for displaying, printing, and evaluating mass spectral data for the purpose of solving chemical problems.
