1st Edition
Mineral Scales in Biological and Industrial Systems
Soluble and insoluble impurities present in water used for domestic and industrial applications can lead to the deposition of unwanted materials on equipment surfaces. Impurities such as dissolved minerals, natural organic compounds, and suspended particles can impact various processes and systems including boiling and cooling processes, desalination, geothermal power generation, milk pasteurization, oil and gas refining, the pulp and paper industry, and biological systems. Understanding the mechanisms of scale inhibition and dispersion is important in addressing the resulting challenges.
Mineral Scales in Biological and Industrial Systems presents developments in mineral scale formation and control in a variety of industrial and biological systems, providing in-depth discussions on topics important to academic researchers and industrial technologists. With contributions from experts in their respective fields, this book comprises 22 chapters in 5 parts. It begins by addressing precipitation and inhibition of various scale-forming salts—such as calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, calcium fluoride, and calcium phosphate—in various industrial systems, including boilers, cooling, and high-pressure and high-temperature applications.
Part II describes the precipitation and inhibition of salts encountered in sugar refining and geothermal power generation. Part III describes mineral scales that are important in biological systems. Part IV deals with the control of suspended matter in industrial water systems. Part V examines analytical techniques commonly used to characterize mineral scales and deposits during in-house evaluation of new products and deposit samples received for characterization from industrial installations, as well as product failure analyses. Covering the broad scope of mineral scales, this book both reviews current concepts and presents new information, with detailed discussions on fundamental and mechanistic aspects of mineral scale formation and inhibition.
Part I Industrial: Carbonate, Sulfate, Phosphate, and Fluoride Scales
Nucleation and Crystal Growth of Calcium Carbonate under Flow Conditions
Georgia D. Athanasakou, Eleni C. Arvaniti, Petros G. Koutsoukos, and Christakis A. Paraskeva
Calcite Growth Rate Inhibition by Low Molecular Weight Polycarboxylate Ions
Michael M. Reddy
Development of an Environmentally Acceptable New Polymer Calcium Sulfate Inhibitor for High Pressure–High Temperature (HTHP) Squeeze Application
Tao Chen, Ping Chen, Harry Montgomerie, and Thomas Hagen
Effect of Biopolymers on Scale Formation
Emel Akyol, Özlem Doğan, and Mualla Öner
Scaling Control for High-Temperature and High-Pressure Oil Production
Wei Wang, Amy T. Kan, Wei Shi, Chunfang Fan, and Mason B. Tomson
Biopolymers as Calcium Fluoride Precipitation Inhibitors for Aqueous Systems
Zahid Amjad
Inhibition of Calcium Phosphate by Phosphonates: The Effect of Triazinetriphosphonic Acid
Stamatia Rokidi, Panayiotis I. Ioannou, and Petros G. Koutsoukos
Part II Industrial: Sulfate, Silica, and Silicate Scales
Scale Formation in Sugar Juice Heat Exchangers
Christopher P. East, Christopher M. Fellows, and William O.S. Doherty
Struvite Scale Formation: Prevention and Phosphorus Recovery
Ioannis Mpountas, Theano Mavrikou, and Petros G. Koutsoukos
Solution Chemistry Impact on Silica Polymerization by Inhibitors
Robert W. Zuhl and Zahid Amjad
Chemistry of Metal Silicates Deposits from Geothermal and Petroleum Produced Waters
Darrell L. Gallup
Silica Scale Inhibition: Untangling the "Gordian Knot" of Scale Formation in Industrial Water Systems
Melina Preari, Anna Tsistraki, and Konstantinos D. Demadis
Review of the State of the Art of Antiscalant Selection
Hilla Shemer, David Hasson, and Raphael Semiat
Part III Biological: Oxalate, Hydroxyapatite Scales
Influence of Additives on Calcium Oxalate Crystallization in Solution
Mitali China and Marina Tsianou
Polarization-Mediated Modification of Hydroxyapatite to Improve Biological Responses
Miho Nakamura and Kimihiro Yamashita
Part IV Industrial: Suspended Matter and Oil Dispersion
Impact of Calcium Carbonate Mineral Scales in Industries: Role of Surface Chemistry
Partha Patra, P. Somasundaran, and Chi Lo
Mitigating the Coastal Ecological Damage of Spilled Oil via Oil Anti-Deposition Strategies
Robert Y. Lochhead, Sarah E. Morgan, Daniel Savin, Lisa K. Kemp, and Yan Zong
Evaluation of Biopolymers as Iron Oxide (Rust) Dispersants for Industrial Water Systems
Dominique Guyton and Zahid Amjad
"Good Scale"–"Bad Scale": How Metal–Phosphonate Materials Contribute to Corrosion Inhibition
Konstantinos D. Demadis and Giasemi K. Angeli
Influence of Polymer Architecture on the Stabilization of Copper (II) in Aqueous Systems
Danielle Morgan and Zahid Amjad
Part V Scale/Deposit Characterization Techniques
Microscopy and X-Ray-Based Analytical Techniques for Identifying Mineral Scales and Deposits
Valerie P. Woodward and Zahid Amjad
Characterization of Oil-Field Calcium Carbonate Scales
Raj P. Singh Gaur and Nureddin M. Abbas
Index
Biography
Zahid Amjad, Ph.D., is a visiting professor in the Division of Mathematics and Sciences at Walsh University, North Canton, Ohio. During his more than 30 years at Calgon Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio, Dr. Amjad has worked in various fields, including cosmetics, home care, oral care, pharmaceutics, water treatment, water purification, and related fields. His major interests include biological and industrial applications of water-soluble and water-swellable polymers, interactions of polymers with different substrates, crystal growth and dissolution, and adsorption and desorption phenomena in aqueous systems. Dr. Amjad has published more than 160 technical papers, has contributed to numerous book chapters, has edited 6 books, and holds 30 US patents. Dr. Amjad is also the owner of Aqua Science and Technology LLC, Columbus, Ohio, which provides consulting services for industrial water treatment, separation processes, and related technologies.