1st Edition

Combustion Science and Engineering

By Kalyan Annamalai, Ishwar K. Puri Copyright 2007
    1178 Pages 300 B/W Illustrations
    by CRC Press

    Students embarking on their studies in chemical, mechanical, aerospace, energy, and environmental engineering will face continually changing combustion problems, such as pollution control and energy efficiency, throughout their careers. Approaching these challenges requires a deep familiarity with the fundamental theory, mathematics, and physical concepts of combustion. Based on more than two decades of teaching experience, Combustion Science and Engineering lays the necessary groundwork while using an illustrative, hands-on approach.

    Taking a down-to-earth perspective, the book avoids heavy mathematics in the first seven chapters and in Chapter 17 (pollutants formation and destruction), but considers molecular concepts and delves into engineering details. It begins with an outline of thermodynamics; basics of thermochemistry and chemical equilibrium; descriptions of solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels; chemical kinetics and mass transfer; and applications of theory to practical systems. Beginning in chapter 8, the authors provide a detailed treatment of differential forms of conservation equations; analyses of fuel combustion including jet combustion and boundary layer problems; ignition; flame propagation; interactive and group combustion; pollutant formation and control; and turbulent combustion.

    In addition, this textbook includes abundant examples, illustrations, and exercises, as well as spreadsheet software in combustion available for download. This software allows students to work out the examples found in the text. Combustion Science and Engineering imparts the skills and foundational knowledge necessary for students to successfully approach and solve new problems.

    Introduction and Review of Thermodynamics
    Introduction
    Combustion Terminology
    Matter and Its Properties
    Microscopic Overview of Thermodynamics
    Conservation of Mass and Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics
    The Second Law of Thermodynamics
    Summary
    Stoichiometry and Thermochemistry of Reacting Systems
    Introduction
    Overall Reactions
    Gas Analyses
    Global Conservation Equations for Reacting Systems
    Thermochemistry
    Summary
    Appendix
    Reaction Direction and Equilibrium
    Introduction
    Reaction Direction and Chemical Equilibrium
    Chemical Equilibrium Relations
    Vant Hoff Equation
    Adiabatic Flame Temperature with Chemical Equilibrium
    Gibbs Minimization Method
    Summary
    Appendix
    Fuels
    Introduction
    Gaseous Fuels
    Liquid Fuels
    Solid Fuels
    Other Fuels
    Size Distributions of Liquid and Solid Fuels
    Summary
    Appendix
    Chemical Kinetics
    Introduction
    Reaction Rates: Closed and Open Systems
    Elementary Reactions and Molecularity
    Multiple Reaction Types
    Chain Reactions and Reaction Mechanisms
    Global Mechanisms for Reactions
    Reaction Rate Theory and the Arrhenius Law
    Second Law and Global and Backward Reactions
    The Partial Equilibrium and Reaction Rate Expression
    Timescales for Reaction
    Solid–Gas (Heterogeneous) Reactions and Pyrolysis of Solid Fuels
    Summary
    Appendix
    Mass Transfer
    Introduction
    Heat Transfer and the Fourier Law
    Mass Transfer and Fick’s Law
    Molecular Theory
    Generalized Form of Fourier’s and Fick’s Laws for a Mixture, with Simplifications
    Summary
    Appendix: Rigorous Derivation for Multicomponent Diffusion
    First Law Applications
    Introduction
    Generalized Relations in Molar Form
    Closed-System Combustion
    Open Systems
    Solid Carbon Combustion
    Droplet Burning
    Summary
    Conservation Relations
    Introduction
    Simple Diffusive Transport Constitutive Relations
    Conservation Equations
    Generalized Transport
    Simplified Boundary-Layer-Type Problems
    Shvab–Zeldovich Formulation
    Turbulent Flows
    Summary
    Appendix
    Combustion of Solid Fuels, Carbon, and Char
    Introduction
    Carbon Reactions
    Conservation Equations for a Spherical Particle
    Nondimensional Conservation Equations and Boundary Conditions
    Interfacial Conservation Equations or BCs
    Solutions for Carbon Particle Combustion
    Thermal NOx from Burning Carbon Particles
    Non-Quasi-Steady Nature of Combustion of Particle
    Element Conservation and Carbon Combustion
    Porous Char
    Summary
    Appendix: d Law and Stefan Flow Approximation
    Diffusion Flames — Liquid Fuels
    Introduction
    Evaporation, Combustion, and d2 Law
    Model/Physical Processes
    Governing Equations
    Solutions
    Convection Effects
    Transient and Steady-Combustion Results
    Multicomponent-Isolated-Drop Evaporation and Combustion
    Summary
    Combustion in Boundary Layers
    Introduction
    Phenomenological Analyses
    Generalized Conservation Equations and Boundary Conditions
    Interface Boundary Conditions
    Generalized Numerical Solution Procedure for BL Equations in Partial Differential Form
    Normalized Variables and Conservation Equations
    Similarity Solutions–BL Equations
    Applications of Generalized Similarity Equations to Various Flow Systems
    Solutions for Boundary Layer Combustion of Totally Gasifying Fuels
    Combustion Results for Fuels Burning under Convection
    Excess Fuel and Excess Air under Convection
    Summary
    Combustion of Gas Jets
    Introduction
    Burke–Schumann (B–S) Flame
    Modification to B–S Analyses
    Laminar Jets
    Planar Laminar Jets
    Circular Jets
    Summary of Solutions for 2-D and Circular Jets
    Stoichiometric Contours for 2-D and Circular Jets, Liftoff, and Blow-Off
    Jets in Coflowing Air: Jet Flame Structure in Strongly Coflowing Air for 2-D and Circular Jets
    Turbulent Diffusion Flames
    Partially Premixed Flame
    Summary
    Ignition and Extinction
    Introduction
    Modes of Ignition
    Ignition of Gas Mixtures in Rigid Systems: Uniform System
    Constant-Pressure Systems
    Ignition of Solid Particle
    Ignition of Nonuniform Temperature Systems—Steady-State Solutions
    Summary
    Deflagration and Detonation
    Introduction
    Conservation Equations
    Solutions for Rayleigh and Hugoniot Curves
    Flame Propagation into Unburned Mixture
    Summary
    Appendices
    Flame Propagation and Flammability Limits
    Introduction
    Phemenological Analysis
    Rigorous Analysis
    Flame Stretching
    Determination of Flame Velocity
    Flammability Limits
    Quenching Diameter
    Minimum Ignition Energy for Spark Ignition
    Stability of Flame in a Premixed Gas Burner
    Turbulent Flame Propagation
    Summary
    Interactive Evaporation and Combustion
    Introduction
    Simplified Analyses
    Arrays and Point Source Method
    Combustion of Clouds of Drops and Carbon Particles
    Terminology
    Governing Equations for Spherical Cloud
    Results
    Relation between Group Combustion and Drop Array Studies
    Interactive Char/Carbon Combustion
    Multicomponent Array Evaporation
    Summary
    Pollutants Formation and Destruction
    Introduction
    Emission-Level Expressions and Reporting
    Effects of Pollutants on Environment and Biological Systems
    Pollution Regulations
    NOx Sources and Production Mechanisms
    NOx Formation Parameters
    Stationary Source NOx Control
    CO2 Sequestration
    Carbon Monoxide: CO
    SOx Formation and Destruction
    Soot
    Mercury Emissions
    Summary
    An Introduction to Turbulent Combustion
    Introduction
    Turbulence Characteristics
    Averaging Techniques
    Instantaneous and Average Governing Equations
    Governing Differential Equations: Axisymmetric Case and Mixture-Fraction PDF Combustion Model
    Turbulent Combustion Modeling (Diffusion Flames)
    Probability Density Function
    Premixed and Partially Premixed Turbulent Flames: Modeling Approaches
    Summary
    Appendix I: Cylindrical Coordinate System with Particle-Laden Flow
    Problems
    Formulae
    Appendix A
    Appendix B
    References
    Index

    Biography

    Kalyan Annamalai, Ishwar K. Puri

    "There is no doubt regarding the comprehensive coverage of the topic in this book which, I believe, will be well received by the academic and professional communities."

    – Gary F. Bennett, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Toledo, in Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2008