1st Edition
Dynamics of Structure and Foundation - A Unified Approach 2. Applications
Designed to provide engineers with quick access to current and practical information on the dynamics of structure and foundation, this 2-volume reference work is intended for engineers involved with earthquake or dynamic analysis, or the design of machine foundations in the oil, gas, and energy sector. Whereas Volume 1 (ISBN 9780415471459) deals with theory and fundamentals, this volume is concentrated on three major application areas: dynamic soil-structure interaction (DSSI), the analysis and design of machine foundations, and on the analytical and design concepts for earthquake engineering. It presents innovative, easy-to-apply and practical solutions to various problems and difficulties a design engineer will encounter. It allows quick access to targeted information; it includes a wealth of case studies and also examines geotechnical considerations with regard to dynamic soil-structure interaction.
Preface
1 Dynamic soil structure interaction
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.1.1 The marriage of soil and structure
- 1.1.2 What does the interaction mean?
- 1.1.3 It is an expensive analysis do we need to do it?
- 1.1.4 Different soil models and their coupling to superstructure
- 1.2 Mathematical modeling of soil & structure
- 1.2.1 Lagrangian formulation for 2D frames or stick-models
- 1.2.2 What happens if the raft is flexible?
- 1.3 A generalised model for dynamic soil structure interaction
- 1.3.1 Dynamic response of a structure with multi degree of freedom considering the underlying
- soil stiffness
- 1.3.2 Extension of the above theory to system with multi degree of freedom
- 1.3.3 Estimation of damping ratio for the soil structure system
- 1.3.4 Formulation of damping ratio for single degree of freedom
- 1.3.5 Extension of the above theory to systems with multi-degree freedom
- 1.3.6 Some fallacies in coupling of soil and structure
- 1.3.7 What makes the structural response attenuate or amplify?
- 1.4 The art of modelling
- 1.4.1 Some modelling techniques
- 1.4.2 To sum it up
- 1.5 Geotechnical considerations for dynamic soil structure interaction
- 1.5.1 What parameters do I look for in the soil report?
- 1.6 Field tests
- 1.6.1 Block vibration test
- 1.6.2 Seismic cross hole test
- 1.6.3 How do I co-relate dynamic shear modulus when I do not have data from the dynamic
- soil tests?
- 1.7 Theoretical co-relation from other soil parameters
- 1.7.1 Co-relation for sandy and gravelly soil
- 1.7.2 Co-relation for saturated clay
- 1.8 Estimation of material damping of soil
- 1.8.1 Whitman’s formula
- 1.8.2 Hardin’ formula
- 1.8.3 Ishibashi and Zhang’s formula
- 1.9 All things said and done how do we estimate the strain in soil, specially if the strain is large?
- 1.9.1 Estimation of strain in soil for machine foundation
- 1.9.2 Estimation of soil strain for earthquake analysis
- 1.9.3 What do we do if the soil is layered with varying soil property?
- 1.9.4 Checklist of parameters to be looked in the soil reports
- 1.10 Epilogue
2. Analysis and design of machine foundations
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.1.1 Case history #1
- 2.1.2 Case history #2
- 2.2 Different types of foundations
- 2.2.1 Block foundations resting on soil/piles
- 2.2.2 How does a block foundation supporting rotating machines differ from a normal
- foundation?
- 2.2.3 Foundation for centrifugal or rotary type of machine: Different theoretical methods
- for analysis of block foundation
- 2.2.4 Analytical methods
- 2.2.5 Approximate analysis to de-couple equations with non-proportional damping
- 2.2.6 Alternative formulation of coupled equation of motion for sliding and rocking mode
- 2.3 Trick to by pass damping – Magnification factor, the key to the problem
- 2.4 Effect of embedment on foundation
- 2.4.1 Novak and Beredugo’s model
- 2.4.2 Wolf’s model
- 2.5 Foundation supported on piles
- 2.5.1 Pile and soil modelled as finite element
- 2.5.2 Piles modelled as beams supported on elastic springs
- 2.5.3 Novak’s (1974) model for equivalent spring stiffness for piles 1
- 2.5.4 Equivalent pile springs in vertical direction
- 2.5.5 The group effect on the vertical spring and damping value of the piles
- 2.5.6 Effect of pile cap on the spring and damping stiffness
- 2.5.7 Equivalent pile springs and damping in the horizontal direction
- 2.5.8 Equivalent pile springs and damping in rocking motion
- 2.5.9 Group effect for rotational motion
- 2.5.10 Model for dynamic response of pile
- 2.5.11 Dynamic analysis of laterally loaded piles
- 2.5.12 Partially embedded piles under rocking mode
- 2.5.13 Group effect of pile
- 2.5.14 Comparison of results
- 2.5.15 Practical aspects of design of machine foundations
- 2.6 Special provisions of IS-code
- 2.6.1 Recommendations on vibration isolation
- 2.6.2 Frequency separation
- 2.6.3 Permissible amplitudes
- 2.6.4 Permissible stresses
- 2.6.5 Concrete and its placing
- 2.6.6 Reinforcements
- 2.6.7 Cover to concrete
- 2.7 Analysis and design of machine foundation under impact loading
- 2.7.1 Introduction
- 2.7.2 Mathematical model of a hammer foundation
- 2.8 Design of hammer foundation
- 2.8.1 Design criteria for hammer foundation
- 2.8.2 Discussion on the IS-code method of analysis
- 2.8.3 Check list for analysis of hammer foundation
- 2.8.4 Other techniques of analysis of Hammer foundation
- 2.9 Design of eccentrically loaded hammer foundation
- 2.9.1 Mathematical formulation of anvil placed eccentrically on a foundation
- 2.9.2 Damped equation of motion with eccentric anvil
- 2.10 Details of design
- 2.10.1 Reinforcement detailing
- 2.10.2 Construction procedure
- 2.11 Vibration measuring instruments
- 2.11.1 Some background on vibration measuring instruments and their application
- 2.11.2 Response due to motion of the support
- 2.11.3 Vibration pick-ups
- 2.12 Evaluation of friction damping from energy consideration
- 2.13 Vibration isolation
- 2.13.1 Active isolation
- 2.13.2 Passive isolation
- 2.13.3 Isolation by trench
- 2.14 Machine foundation supported on frames
- 2.14.1 Introduction
- 2.14.2 Different types of turbines and the generation process
- 2.14.3 Layout planning
- 2.14.4 Vibration analysis of turbine foundations
- 2.15 Dynamic soil-structure interaction model for vibration analysis of turbine foundation
- 2.16 Computer analysis of turbine foundation based on multi degree of freedom
- 2.17 Analysis of turbine foundation
- 2.17.1 The analysis
- 2.17.2 Calculation of the eigen values
- 2.17.3 So the ground rule is
- 2.17.4 Calculation of amplitude
- 2.17.5 Calculation of moments, shears and torsion
- 2.17.6 Practical aspects of design of Turbine foundation
- 2.18 Design of turbine foundation
- 2.18.1 Check list for turbine foundation design
- 2.18.2 Spring mounted turbine foundation
3. Analytical and design concepts for earthquake engineering
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.1.1 Why do earthquakes happen in nature?
- 3.1.2 Essential difference between systems subjected to earthquake and vibration from machine
- 3.1.3 Some history of major earthquakes around the world
- 3.1.4 Intensity
- 3.1.5 Effect of earthquake on soil-foundation system
- 3.1.6 Liquefaction analysis
- 3.2 Earthquake analysis
- 3.2.1 Seismic coefficient method
- 3.2.2 Response spectrum method
- 3.2.3 Dynamic analysis under earthquake loading
- 3.2.4 How do we evaluate the earthquake force?
- 3.2.5 Earthquake analysis of systems with multidegree of freedom
- 3.2.6 Modal combination of forces
- 3.3 Time history analysis under earthquake force
- 3.3.1 Earthquake analysis of tall chimneys and stack like structure
- 3.4 Analysis of concrete dams
- 3.4.1 Earthquake analysis of concrete dam
- 3.4.2 A method for dynamic analysis of concrete dam
- 3.5 Analysis of earth dams and embankments
- 3.5.1 Dynamic earthquake analysis of earth dams
- 3.5.2 Mononobe’s method for analysis of earth dam
- 3.5.3 Gazetas’ method for earth dam analysis
- 3.5.4 Makadisi and Seed’s method for analysis of earth dam
- 3.5.5 Calculation of seismic force in dam and its stability
- 3.6 Analysis of earth retaining structures
- 3.6.1 Earthquake analysis of earth retaining structures
- 3.6.2 Mononobe’s method of analysis of retaining wall
- 3.6.3 Seed and Whitman’s method
- 3.6.4 Arango’s method
- 3.6.5 Steedman and Zeng’s method
- 3.6.6 Dynamic analysis of RCC retaining wall
- 3.6.7 Dynamic analysis of cantilever and counterfort retaining wall
- 3.6.8 Some discussions on the above method
- 3.6.9 Extension to the generic case of soil at a slope i behind the wall
- 3.6.10 Dynamic analysis of counterfort retaining wall
- 3.6.11 Soil sloped at an angle i with horizontal
- 3.7 Unyielding earth retaining structures
- 3.7.1 Earthquake Analysis of rigid walls when the soil does not yield
- 3.7.2 Ostadan’s method
- 3.8 Earthquake analysis of water tanks
- 3.8.1 Analysis of water tanks under earthquake force
- 3.8.2 Impulsive time period for non rigid walls
- 3.8.3 Sloshing time period of the vibrating fluid
- 3.8.4 Calculation of horizontal seismic force for tank resting on ground
- 3.8.5 Calculation of base shear for tanks resting on ground
- 3.8.6 Calculation of bending moment on the tank wall resting on the ground
- 3.8.7 Calculation of hydrodynamic pressure
- 3.9 Mathematical model for overhead tanks under earthquake
- 3.9.1 Earthquake Analysis for overhead tanks
- 3.9.2 Hydrodynamic pressure on tank wall and base
- 3.9.3 Hydrodynamic pressure for circular tank
- 3.9.4 Hydrodynamic pressure for rectangular tank
- 3.9.5 Effect of vertical ground acceleration
- 3.9.6 Pressure due to inertia of the wall
- 3.9.7 Maximum design dynamic pressure
- 3.10 Practical aspects of earthquake engineering
- 3.10.1 Epilogue
References
Subject index
Biography
Indrajit Chowdhury, Shambhu P. Dasgupta