Despite their potentially adverse effects on nontarget species and the environment, insecticides remain a necessity in crop protection as well as in the reduction of insect-borne diseases. The Toxicology and Biochemistry of Insecticides provides essential insecticide knowledge required for the effective management of insect pests.
Continuing as the sole book in more than two decades to address this multifaceted field, the Second Edition of this highly praised review on insecticide toxicology has been greatly expanded and updated to present the most current information on:
- Systemic classification of insecticides
- How insecticides function at the molecular level and newly discovered modes of action
- Insecticide resistance, molecular mechanisms, fitness costs, reversion, and management of resistance
- Various bioassay methods including the interpretation of probit analysis
- Molecular mechanisms of insecticide selectivity
- Major biochemical mechanisms involved in the transformation of insecticides
- Fate of insecticides in the environment and the sublethal effects of insecticides on wildlife
- Newly developed insecticides, including the addition of more microbial insecticides in keeping with current integrated pest management (IPM) approaches
Incorporating extensive reference lists for further reading, The Toxicology and Biochemistry of Insecticides, Second Edition is an ideal textbook for students of entomology, plant medicine, insecticide toxicology, and related agricultural disciplines. It is also a valuable resource for those involved in insecticide research, environmental toxicology, and crop protection.
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Author
Need for Pesticides and Their Pattern of Use
Introduction
Need for Pesticides
Food Production
World Health Status
Pattern of Use
Pesticide Economics
References
Formulation of Pesticides
Introduction
Types of Formulation
Dusts
Wettable Powders
Emulsifiable Concentrates
Suspendable Concentrates or Flowables
Water-Soluble Powders
Solutions
Granules
Water-Dispersible Granules
Ultralow-Volume Formulations
Aerosols
Controlled-Release Formulations
Baits
Nonpesticidal Ingredients of Formulations
Solvents
Diluents
Surfactants
Disposal of Pesticide Containers
Pesticide Application Equipment
References
Pesticide Laws and Regulations
Introduction
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
Registration of Pesticides
Classification of Pesticides and Certification of Applicators
Other Provisions of FIFRA
Pesticide Categories
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
Tolerance
Basis for Tolerance
Food Quality Protection Act
State Laws
Enforcement
References
Classification of Insecticides
Introduction
Classification of Insecticides
Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides
Organophosphates
Carbamates
Pyrethroids
Botanical Insecticides
Insect Growth Regulators
Neonicotinoids
Formamidines
Microbial Insecticides
Fumigants
Inorganic Insecticides
Miscellaneous Insecticide Classes
Acaricides
Insect Repellents
References
Evaluation of Toxicity
Introduction
Testing Procedures
Tests with Insects
Topical Application
Injection Method
Dipping Method
Contact Method (Residual Exposure Method)
Fumigation Method
Feeding Method
Tests with Higher Animals
Acute Toxicity Tests
Subacute Toxicity and Chronic Toxicity Tests
Probit Analysis
Source of Variability in Dose–Response Tests
Age
Sex
Rearing Temperature
Food Supply
Population Density
Illumination
Use of LDP Lines
Appendix
References
Uptake of Insecticides
Introduction
Penetration of Insecticides through the Insect Cuticle
Structure of Insect Cuticle
Movement of Insecticides through the Cuticle
Site of Entry
Factors Affecting Cuticular Penetration Rates
Metabolism of Insecticides in the Cuticle
Entry via the Mouth
Uptake via the Spiracles
References
Mode of Action of Insecticides
Introduction
Insecticides Affecting Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels
Background
Mode of Action of the DDT Group, Pyrethroids, Indoxacarb, Sabadilla, and Metaflumizone
Insecticides Affecting Ryanodine Receptors
Insecticides Inhibiting Acetylcholinesterase
Background
Mode of Action of Organophosphorus and Carbamate Insecticides
Insecticides Interfering with Chloride Channels
GABA-Gated Chloride Channels
Glutamate-Gated Chloride Channels
Insecticides That Bind to Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors
Insecticides Affecting Octopamine Receptors
Insecticides Interfering with Respiration
Inhibitors of the Mitochondrial Electron Transport System
Inhibitors of Oxidative Phosphorylation
Insecticides Disrupting Insect Midgut Membranes
Bacillus thuringiensis
Bacillus sphaericus
Mode of Action of Baculovirus Insecticides
Insecticides Affecting Chitin Biosynthesis or Cuticle Sclerotization
Insecticides Acting as Juvenile Hormone Mimics
Insecticides Acting as Ecdysone Agonists or Blocking Molting Hormone Activity
Insecticides Causing Protein Degradation and Necrotic Cell Death
Insecticides Abrading or Disrupting Insect Cuticle
Insecticides Acting as Selective Feeding Blockers
Insecticides Causing Suffocation
Mode of Action of Acaricides
Acaricides Interfering with Respiration
Acaricides Interfering with Growth and Development
Acaricides Acting as Neurotoxins
Mode of Action of Insect Repellents
References
Principles of Pesticide Metabolism
Introduction
Phase I Reactions
Oxidation
Hydrolysis
Reduction
Phase II Reactions
Glucose Conjugation
Glucuronic Acid Conjugation
Sulfate Conjugation
Phosphate Conjugation
Amino Acid Conjugation
Glutathione Conjugation
Metabolic Systems in Plants
Metabolic Pathways of Selected Insecticides
Carbamates
Organophosphates
Pyrethroids
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
Benzoylphenylureas
Juvenoids
Neonicotinoids
Formamidines
Amidinohydrazones
Phenylpyrazoles
Thiadiazines
Triazines
Quinazolines
Organotins
Microbial Insecticides
Diacylhydrazines
Nereistoxin Analogs
Thiocarbamates
Organosulfurs
Pyrazoles
Phthalic Acid Diamides
Anthranilic Diamides
Tetronic Acids
Dichloropropenyl Ethers
References
Species Differences and Other Phenomena Associated with the Metabolism of Xenobiotics
Introduction
Species Differences in Detoxification Enzyme Activity
Examples of Differences
Evolution of Species Differences in Detoxification
Effect of Age and Sex on Enzyme Activity
Specificity of Detoxification Enzymes
Selective Toxicity
Synergism and Antagonism
Enzyme Induction
Induction of Detoxification Enzymes
Enzyme Induction as Detoxification Mechanism
Insecticide Resistance
References
Insecticide Resistance
Introduction
Genetics of Resistance
Preadaptation
Gene Frequency
Dominance and Number of Genes
Reversion of Resistance
Mechanisms of Resistance
Behavioral Resistance
Physiological Resistance
Interaction Phenomena
Cross-Resistance and Multiple Resistance
Interaction of Resistance Factors
Fitness Costs of Insecticide Resistance
Rate of Development of Resistance
Frequency of R Alleles
Dominance of R Alleles
Generation Turnover
Population Mobility
Persistence of Pesticide Residues
Selection Pressure
Pattern of Resistance Development
Management of Resistance
Reducing Resistance Gene Frequency
Use of Insecticide Mixtures and Rotations
Use of Insecticide Synergists
Use of New Pesticides
Use of Resistant Predators and Parasites
Field Monitoring
Use of Transgenic Crops
References
Pesticides in the Environment
Introduction
Persistence of Pesticides in Soil
Adsorptive Forces
Factors Influencing Persistence of Pesticides in Soil
Photodegradation of Pesticides
Hydrolysis
Dechlorination
Oxidation
Isomerization (Intramolecular Rearrangement Process)
Pesticides and the Food Chain
Lipid Solubility of Pesticides
Metabolic Activity
Feeding Habits
Behavior and Ecological Niche
Sublethal Effects of Pesticides on Wildlife
Eggshell Thinning in Birds
Endocrine Disruption in Wildlife
Biomarkers as Indicators of Pesticide Pollution
References
Index
Biography
Simon J. Yu is professor emeritus at the University of Florida, Gainesville, USA. He holds a BS from National Taiwan University, Taipei, and an MS and Ph.D from McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. After completing postdoctoral studies at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA, and Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA, he served as assistant professor at Oregon State from 1974 to 1979. He moved to the University of Florida in 1980, and was promoted to associate professor in 1982 and professor in 1986. He retired from the university in 2006, but remains an emeritus faculty. His research has been supported by USDA, NSF, NIH, EPA, and various pesticide companies.
"Overall, this is a carefully crafted treatment of a difficult subject, and Simon Yu has successfully walked the fine line between too much and not enough detail. Importantly, he does an excellent job explaining why certain things are important to toxicologists, and what should be of interest to managers of insect pests. Also, he provides a holistic treatment that has something of interest for everyone, and it is presented in an easily comprehended manner. If you work with insecticides, and especially if you don’t, you need to read this book. There is a great deal of misinformation about pesticides in the world, but this book is a great source of enlightenment."
—John L. Capinera, University of Florida, in Florida EntomologistPraise for the First Edition
"… applicable to a diversity of students from entomology, pest management and related agricultural disciplines. … provides an updated and comprehensive introductory textbook for students of insecticide toxicology that incorporates traditional toxicological concepts, including uptake, mode of action, and principles of xenobiotic metabolism with an up-to-date cataloging of both historically important insecticide classes and novel chemistries and their mode of action. This information provides a solid foundation for developing more complex issues, such as the role of xenobiotic metabolism as it relates to selective toxicity and resistance evolution. … presents material in an easy-to-read outline that is well organized. … illustrated with many line drawings and tables providing the reader with ample opportunity to interpret data that enhances understanding of a certain topic. … This text is a valuable basic reference for students of insecticide toxicology. … I have recommended the text for my own course and have received positive feedback from a diversity of students."
—Blair D. Siegfried, Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA, Florida Entomologist, March 2009"This is a great book detailing everything you might wish to know about the entomological toxicology, biochemistry, and indeed the physiology, sensitivities and resistance to, mode of action, purpose and range, regulation, and environmental fate, of pesticides—and more besides. The division into 11 chapters is amply signposted in a set of more-than-adequate contents pages. If that should fail you in locating what you are looking for, then the index at the rear will see you right. … Each chapter flowed nicely into and introduced the next, and the book had a very reasonable style (even the bits on mono-oxygenases). I loved reading about spiracles and their significance (or not) in pesticide absorption. It covered topics in useful depth, but facts were easy to find and were not hidden beneath layers of waffle or arcane language. It would serve as an invaluable reference tool to toxicologists (and agronomists, biochemists, teachers, entomologists, students, and ecologists …) coming into contact with insecticides."
—Tom Holmes, Covance Laboratories Ltd., UK, BTS Newsletter, Summer 2009"If you are interested in more general aspects of insecticides, the chapters on formulation and the mode of action of insecticides are good, and the section in chapter 5 on probits is one of the best written I have seen."
—TC Marrs, Edentox Associates, UK, BTS Newsletter, Winter 2008