1st Edition
Geotechnical Engineering for the Preservation of Monuments and Historic Sites
All the traces of historic heritage are a fundamental part of our environment and reward us in the form of cultural enrichment, with the ability to have a positive effect both on our lifestyle and economy. Therefore, the preservation of ancient monuments, historic towns and sites has increasingly drawn the attention of public opinion, governmental agencies as well as consultants and contractors. This interest must be however carefully controlled and directed, since the conservation of monuments and historic sites is one of the most challenging problems of our age. Careless attempts at preservation can be detrimental not only to their iconic value (formal integrity), but even to their structural characteristics and the materials they are built with (material integrity).
Geotechnical Engineering for the Preservation of Monuments and Historic Sites collects one opening address, four special lectures and 82 contributions from all over the world, giving a unique sample of the geotechnical problems to be tackled, the solutions currently being proposed, and the strategies being carried out to preserve the overall integrity of monuments and historic sites. It is clearly apparent that differences exist around the world not only in terms of the characteristics of the monuments or sites to be preserved, but also in the approaches adopted to achieve this aim. Hence, no unique solution is available to the geotechnical engineer dealing with the delicate structures and sites that represent our cultural heritage, and knowledge of previous experiences may be a unique guide in any technical decision-making process.
Opening address
Cultural heritage and geotechnical engineering: An introduction
C. Viggiani
Special lectures
Influence of the subsoil on the urban development of Napoli
S. Aversa, A. Evangelista & A. Scotto di Santolo
Local site conditions and seismic risk assessment of historic buildings
D. D’Ayala & A. Ansal
The role of monitoring and identification techniques on the preservation of historic towers
R. Lancellotta & D. Sabia
Intervention techniques
E. Ovando-Shelley, E. Santoyo & M.O. Pinto de Oliveira
Papers
New underground lines in historic centres: Experiences in Brescia
A.M. Ajmone Cat, E. Campa, M. Lodico & C. Umiliaco
Safeguarding the historic town of San Fratello, Sicily
C. Airò Farulla & F. Cafiso
Stability analysis of the underground masonry tunnel of Ancient Nemea
H. Alexakis & N. Makris
Foundation systems of some heritage buildings in Najaf/Iraq case study: Al Shelan Khan
N.K.S. AL-Saoudi & M.Sh. AL-Shakerchy
Seismic vulnerability reduction for historical buildings: The case study of house of mosaics
L. Alterio, L. Evangelista, G. Russo & F. Silvestri
New evidences on the Phlegraean bradyseism in the area of Puteolis harbour
L. Amato & C. Gialanella
Important works in the town centre and preservation of existing heritage: The Grand Carré Jaude in Clermont-Ferrand (France)
F. Ambrosini, P. Berthelot, F. Durand & A. Reynaud
Drilled spiral piles in St. John’s Church of Tartu, Estonia
K. Avellan
Settlement induced by TBM excavation under the Vittoria’s Church in Napoli
S. Aversa, E. Bilotta, G. Russo & A. di Luccio
Ground improving injections underneath historical buildings: Five case histories as an overview of a technique
V. Berengo
Monitoring of the temperature-moisture regime of rock dwellings in Brhlovce village (Slovakia)
V. Boháč, D. Fidríková, V. Vretenár, T. Durmeková, I. Šimková, V. Greif & J. Vlčko
Restoration projects and remedial works in the historical island of Ventotene
N. Bosco, P. Croce, B. Palma, D. Pingitore & M. Ramondini
19th and 20th century coastal military installations affected by coastal erosion in the UK
E.N. Bromhead, M-L. Ibsen & D. Tapete
Interpretation and modelling of the subsidence at the archaeological site of Sybaris (Southern Italy)
F. Cafaro, F. Cotecchia, V. Lenti & R. Pagliarulo
Geotechnical aspects in the preservation of the Domus Tiberiana in Rome
G. Calabresi, L. Cavalera, V. Ascoli Marchetti & M.G. Filetic
New underground lines in historic centres: Experiences in Naples
E. Campa, A.M. Ajmone Cat, C. Fioretti & L. Mormone
The Benedictine Basilica of S. Angelo in Formis (Southern Italy): A therapy without diagnosis?
A. Cammarota, G. Russo, C. Viggiani & M. Candela
The vineyard of the monastery of S. Martino in Napoli
M. Candela, C. Viggiani & R. Viparelli
Site characterization by in situ and laboratory tests for the structural & architectural restoration of Saint Nicholas Church, Nicosia, Cyprus
A. Cavallaro, L. Cessari & E. Gigliarelli
Long-term mechanical behavior of wooden pile foundation in Venice
F. Ceccato, P. Simonini & A. Lionello
Cultural Heritage and physical environment: A geo-archaeological approach to the analysis of interaction and risk factors
A. Cinti, L. Coppola & E.N. Bromhead
Settlement response of masonry constructions
M. Como
Assessment of geological and geotechnical conditions for rebuilding Avala’s television tower
S. Ćorić, D. Rakić, G. Hadži-Niković, T. Janković, V. Filipović & B. Marjanović
Afghanistan, Buddhas of Bamiyan: Emergency consolidation of the cliffs and niches
C. Crippa, R. Granata & C. Margottini
Archaeology and geotechnical engineering
S. D’Agostino & G. Tocco
Long-term stability of old cathedrals in St. Petersburg
R.E. Dashko & A.V. Shidlovskaya
A study for the requalification and safety against natural hazards of the environmental and building heritage of Sant’Agata de’ Goti (Italy)
F. de Silva, M. Melillo, D. Calcaterra, F. Fascia, A. Scotto di Santolo, F. Silvestri & L. Stendardo
Study and monitoring for conservation of Sanctuary of Santa Maria Assunta at Monteortone (Abano Terme, Padova)
A. Dei Svaldi & A. Mazzucato
Slope dynamics, monitoring and geological conservation of the Siq of Petra (Jordan)
G. Delmonaco, C. Margottini & D. Spizzichino
Historic and non-historic building impact assessment methodology for major tunnelling infrastructure projects
M. Devriendt, E. Palmer, R. Hill & D. Lazarus
Dynamic identification and seismic behaviour of the Ghirlandina tower in Modena (Italy)
A. Di Tommaso, R. Lancellotta, D. Sabia, D. Costanzo, F. Focacci & F. Romaro
Performance evaluation of bending strength to predict durability of ornamental gneiss from Santo Antônio de Pádua, RJ, BR
J.L.E. Dias Filho, P.C.A. Maia, G.C. Xavier & P.A.M. Fernandes
The role of the geotechnical engineer in archaeological work: The Greek experience
D. Egglezos, D. Moullou & M. Ioannidou
Re-burial of the Arrephorion on the Athenian Acropolis: An in situ rescue intervention against degradation
D.N. Egglezos
Egyptian experience in the preservation of monuments and historic structures. A case study: Hibis Temple, El-Kharga—Egypt
M.K. El-Ghamrawy, M.A. Sakr & S.A. Gad
Diagnostic of the colonial structure “Palacio del Segundo Cabo” in Havana, Cuba
S. Figueredo, Y. Gámez, R. Lorenzo, J. de la Rosa & R.P. da Cunha
Softening and swelling mechanism affecting south slope of Civita di Bagnoregio (VT)
F. Garbin, C. Margottini, R. Brancaleoni & A. Sonnessa
Evaluation of the soil disturbance due to the installation of prefabricated vertical drains: An analytical approach applied to case histories
A. Ghandeharioon
Preservation and monitoring of the Frari bell tower in Venice
G. Gottardi, M. Marchi, A. Lionello & P.P. Rossi
Collapse of a backfilled wall at the Castle Wespenstein
I. Herle, J. Männer, E. Schwiteilo & J. Wehr
Geotechnical problems on historical buildings from Transylvania
N.M. Ilieş & A. Popa
Research and advanced technology in the restoration of the monuments of the Athenian Acropolis
M. Ioannidou
Estimation of moisture condition with salinity in the ground behind the Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes using the electrical resistivity method
M. Ito, K. Koizumi, K. Oda, T. Miyawaki, C. Piao, C. Tanimoto, Y. Iwasaki, X. Wang, Q. Guo & S. Yang
Dismantling for reconstitution of N1 Tower of Prasat Suor Prat, Angkor Thom, Cambodia
Y. Iwasaki, Y. Akazawa, M. Fukuda, J. Nakazawa, K. Nakagawa, I. Shimoda & T. Nakagawa
A variegated embankment dam in a historical territory
R. Jappelli
Safety and/or security of monuments? An apparent dilemma
R. Jappelli
Strong motion record processing for the Athenian Acropolis seismic response assessment
I.S. Kalogeras & D. Egglezos
Settlements due to tail gap of shield tunnelling
D. Kolymbas
An innovative approach for reducing the seismic risk of existing buildings and historic sites
D. Lombardi, A. Flora, S. Lirer & F. Silvestri
Preservation of historic structures and monuments using minimally invasive Screw-Piles and Helical Anchors—two cases
A.J. Lutenegger, D. Robson & P. Mohan
Seismic risk assessment of San Gimignano towers: Geotechnical aspects and soil-structure interaction
C. Madiai, S. Renzi & G. Vannucchi
Analytical modelling of the creep-rotation rate for leaning towers
M. Marchi, I. Fabbi, G. Gottardi, R. Butterfield & R. Lancellotta
Geotechnical and geophysical characterization of Moai statues—Rapa Nui Easter Island (Chile)
C. Margottini, D. Spizzichino, L. Orlando, M. Marsella, B. Renzi, A. Sonnessa, O. Pandolfi & P. Soddu
Landslide risk and monitoring system for conservation of Vardzia monastery, Georgia
C. Margottini, D. Spizzichino & A. Sonnessa
Strength and structure of the roofed mud-walls of Toji Temple
M. Mimura, M. Yoshimura & T. Terao
Spatial-temporal analysis of the subsidence in the city of Bologna
G. Modoni, G. Darini, R.L. Spacagna, M. Saroli, G. Russo & P. Croce
Repair works at Saint Claire Convent in Chinchón (Madrid, Spain)
P.R. Monteverde & J.M. Avila-Jalvo
Groundwater management during excavations of S. Pasquale station in Naples
L. Mormone, G. Falconio & A. Mandolini
Offshore soil investigations on the bottom of Ohrid Lake and authentic reconstruction of timber piles settlement
D. Nikolovski, B. Veljanovski & A. Stojkovska
Groundwater development and management in Siem Reap, Cambodia: Impacts of groundwater pumping on Angkor Wat
M. Nishigaki, S. Takahashi, M. Takahashi & Y. Maruo
Unsaturated sand in the stability of the cuesta of the Temple of Hera (Agrigento)
N. Nocilla, L. Ercoli, M. Zimbardo, A. Nocilla, P. Meli, G. Grado, G. Parello & G. Presti
Slope consolidation of Monteagudo de las Vicarías castle (Soria)
C.S. Oteo & P. de la Fuente
Load transfer in micropile underpinning of old foundations
J.M. Rodríguez Ortiz
Construction of the Line C San Giovanni station in Rome
E. Romani & N. Miniero
Permanence and preservation of the Metztitlán convent in Hidalgo, Mexico
E. Santoyo-Villa & E. Ovando-Shelley
The Fontanelle Cemetery: Between legend and reality
A. Scotto di Santolo, L. Evangelista & A. Evangelista
A class C prediction of the settlements induced in a historical masonry structure by the excavation of shallow twin tunnels
M. Sebastianelli, G. de Felice, M. Malena, A. Amorosi, D. Boldini & G. Di Mucci
Soil structure interaction on the dynamic behavior of two historic masonry structures
S. Sica, F. Ceroni & M.R. Pecce
New Lanark Walls: Examples of sustainable design for a World Heritage Site
M.J. Smith
Evaluating the effects of tunnel construction on monuments: The example of the Basilica di Massenzio in Rome
F.M. Soccodato, L. Callisto, S. Rampello & G.M.B. Viggiani
The preservation of the historical, archeological and artistic heritage of Orvieto: An interdisciplinary project
F.M. Soccodato, E. Martini, L. Tortoioli & A.M. Mazzi
Landslide risk assessment and management in the archaeological site of Machu Picchu (Peru)
D. Spizzichino, C. Margottini & L.M. Puzzilli
The rebuilding of San Piero a Grado bell tower
N. Squeglia
Safeguard stories of living monuments (unstable towns of the region of Umbria)
P. Tamburi & E. Martini
Geohazards and climate change issues for the preservation of the Saxon Shore in South Britain
D. Tapete & E.N. Bromhead
Preservation and reconstruction of historic monuments in Saint Petersburg with provisions for soil-structure interaction
V.M. Ulitsky, A.G. Shashkin, K.G. Shashkin & M.B. Lisyuk
Localized settlements of an ancient hospital foundation: Analysis of the problem to assess a possible reinforcement intervention
R. Valentino, E. Coïsson, F. Freddi & F. Ottoni
Geotechnical investigation and stabilization of the foundations of a World Heritage in Portugal, the Guimarães Castle
A. Viana da Fonseca, A. Arêde, E. Paupério & A. Costa
Safeguarding interventions for two historical sites in the Middle East
B. Vingiani & G. Salerno
Use of jet grouting technique to realize substructures of historic buildings: The example of an apartment building in Warsaw
K. Wanik
Geotechnical and structural investigations of historical monuments of Kazakhstan
A. Zh. Zhussupbekov, T.O. Zhunisov, A.Z. Issina & T. Awwad
The safety of an industrial archaeological heritage: The underground quarries in Marsala (Sicily)
M. Zimbardo, L. Ercoli, C. Cannone & A. Nocilla
Author index
Biography
Renato Lancellotta is Emeritus Professor of Geotechnical Engineering at Politecnico di Torino. From 2014 to 2021 he is has been Chairman of the International Commettee on Preservation of Historic Sites and Monuments (TC301) and in 2012 he delivered the XI Croce Lecture. He is editor of the Book Series on Built Heritage and Geotecnics, CRC Press, Taylor and Francis group, London and Editor in chief of Rivista Italiana di Geotecnica. Professional experience refers to geotechnical studies for the preservation of historical monuments, including the Leaning Tower of Pisa, the Ghirlandina Tower and the Cathedral of Modena, the S.Stefano church in Bologna, the Campanile of Giotto in Florence, the Garisenda tower in Bologna. Carlo Viggiani is Emeritus Professor at the University of Napoli Federico II where he had been teaching Foundation Engineering from 1975 to 2009. He is Author or Co-Author of 5 books and 230 technical papers; has been Editor of the Italian Geotechnical Journal; component of the Editorial Board of the Journal of Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics He has been State of the Art Reporter at the ICSMFE in New Delhi, 1994 (Mitigation of Natural Hazards: Landslides and Subsidence) and at the ICSMGE in Osaka, 2005 (Pile foundations). He has been Chairman of TC19 (later TC301) (Preservation of Monuments and Historic Sites) of the ISSMGE, and participated to the conservation of a number of monuments affected by geotechnical problem, including the Leaning Tower of Pisa. Involved in the design and construction of earth dams, civil and industrial buildings, bridges, tunnels and underground constructions, stabilisation of landslides. Consultant for Italian Railways and Underground Transportation Systems in Rome, Napoli, Torino, Bologna, Firenze. Involved in the design of the suspension bridge over the Messina Straits. Alessandro Flora is professor of geotechnical engineering at the University of Napoli Federico II (Italy). He has been visiting researcher at the University of Tokyo (Japan) in 1993 and visiting professor at the University of Rio Grande do Sul (Porto Alegre, Brazil) in 2008. He is chairman of TC301 (Preservation of Historic Sites) of ISSMGE, member of the Editorial Board of the Built Heritage and Geotechnics Books series (CRC press), Member of the editorial board of the Italian Geotechnical Journal (RIG), Italian representative in TC211 (Ground Improvement) of ISSMGE. He is co-author of a book on Jet Grouting (CRC Press), co-author of the Chapter on Foundations in the Encyclopedia of Engineering Geology (Springer), co-editor of a volume on Geotechnics and Heritage 2013 (CRC Press), co-editor of a volume on Geotechnics and Heritage: historic towers 2017 (CRC Press). He is author of more than 200 papers published on international journals and presented at international conferences, receiving some awards. He has been appointed Kerisel Lecturer in 2022, and has been invited to deliver Keynote or State of the Art Lectures at many international conferences around the world. He has been involved as geotechnical consultant in the design of many major works. Filomena de Silva has deeply studied the effects of the dynamic soil-foundation structure interaction (SFSI) on the response of ideal structures and case-studies, through analytical tools and numerical simulations performed by following the sub-structure method and by modelling the full SFS system during her PhD under the supervision of prof. Francesco Silvestri,. She has been hosted by the Geotechnical Team of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (Greece) and worked with prof. Dimitris Pitilakis who has a deep experience on experiments on SFSI. She has again collaborated with him in the 2018 EU project Seismic Impedance for Soil-structure Interaction From On-site tests, SISIFO funded by the HORIZON2020-supported program SERA (Seismology and Earthquake Engineering Research Infrastructure Alliance for Europe). On such a topic she has been the co-supervisor of the M.Sc. thesis of Chiara Amendola, awarded with the prize on the application of geophysics to earthquake engineering, sponsored by the National Institutes OGS and CNR and dedicated to Marco Mucciarelli. Thanks to her expertise on SFSI, she gained a fellowship at the University of Leeds to work on the effects of the soil on the seismic fragility of tunnels in the frame of the international EPSRC project Shaking Tunnel Vision, whose results were selected for the Geotechnique symposium in print 2019. Lucia Mele is a Research Fellow at University of Napoli Federico II, Italy. In 2017 she started a PhD course in the framework of the European Project LIQUEFACT, focusing the attention on improving the basic understanding of liquefaction behaviour of sandy soils and studying several techniques to mitigate liquefaction risk. She mainly worked in laboratory, performing monotonic and cyclic (triaxial and simple shear) tests. She spent two months in Tokyo University (Japan), where she studied in depth the effect of non-saturation on liquefaction resistance. She took part to several conferences presenting the results of her research to scientific community.
