Proposing a new paradigm for Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), this ground-breaking book presents a research agenda for developing and testing that paradigm. It constitutes the first attempt to outline a comprehensive model of collaboration that integrates the cognitive/conceptual and social dynamics of groups.
The challenge faced by all groups engaged in intellectual work is, on the one hand, to divide the task so that efforts of individual members may proceed in parallel and, on the other hand, to synthesize their separate contributions to form a coherent whole. Addressing this challenge, Smith examines the general form of a theory of computer-based collaboration that extends across different tasks and working situations. He uses the work of Newell, Simon, and Anderson as a base from which to consider a group as a form of distributed information processing system. Within groups, there are constructs analogous to human long-term and short-term memory, conceptual processes, and problem solving and knowledge-construction strategies. He discusses two metacognitive issues -- awareness and control -- as they occur in collaborative behavior. And he reviews a number of advanced computer systems that support collaboration, focusing on their impact on the thinking and behavior of groups.
Smith's theoretical framework combines elements of Information Processing System theory -- and its detailed process models of cognitive behavior -- with the situated perspective of activity theory. The book suggests new and useful ways of conceiving problems and solutions to all those interested in the ways in which people interact with each other and with computers to achieve goals.
Preface
Introduction
Constraints
Intelligence Amplification
Overview
Part I: Foundation Concepts
Collaboration as an Information Processing ActivityThree Scenarios
Model of Information Type and Flow
Issues for Research
Computer Support for Collaboration
Asynchronous Tools
Synchronous Tools
A Comprehensive System
Issues for Research
Cognitive Models and Architectures
General IPS Models and Architectures
Specialized IPS Models
Objection to Collective Intelligence
Summary
Part II: Building a Concept of Collective Intelligence
Collective Memory
Tangible Knowledge
Intangible Knowledge
Issues for Research
Collective Processing
Processor for Tangible Knowledge
Processor for Intangible Knowledge
Hybrid Processor
Issues for Research
Collective Strategy
Concept of Strategy
Individuals
Collaborative Groups
Issues for Research
Collective Awareness and Control
Awareness
Control
Issues for Research
Conclusion
References
Author Index
Subject Index
Biography
John B. Smith
"Smith comprehensively examines an idea called collective intelligence (CI) in the overall process of knowledge construction. The purpose of this book is to explore this idea, with an effort to build a framework for research and theory, as well as to point out real-world applications and potential pitfalls. This purpose is fulfilled....The best features of this book are its organizational fluency and easily understandable writing style....it stimulates the reader to follow further developments on the subject."
—Computing Reviews