288 Pages 30 B/W Illustrations
    by CRC Press

    Polyurethanes in Biomedical Applications studies the use of polyurethanes in implanted medical devices. This analysis describes the concepts of polymer science, the manufacture of polyurethanes, and the biological responses to implant polyurethanes, reflecting the developments in biomaterials science and the interdisciplinary nature of bioengineering.

    Introduction
    Biomaterials
    Biocompatibility
    Biomedical Polymers
    Organization
    References
    The Chemistry of Polyurethane Copolymers
    Introduction
    History of Polyurethane Copolymers
    Polyurethane Copolymers
    Synthesis of Polyurethanes
    Isocyanate Chemistry
    Allophanate Reaction
    Biuret Formation
    Acylurea
    Isocyanurate Formation
    Uretidione Formation
    Carbodiimide Formation
    Catalysts
    Synthesis Media
    Raw Materials in Polyurethane Copolymer Synthesis
    Isocyanates
    Polyols
    Chain Extenders
    Linear Polyurethane Elastomer Synthesis
    Cross-Linked Polyurethane Copolymers
    Polyurethane Modification
    Bulk Modification of Polyurethanes
    Surface Modification of Polyurethanes
    Summary
    References
    Polyurethane Processing and Survey of Biomedical Polyurethanes
    Introduction
    Processing of Polyurethanes
    One-Dimensional Processes
    Two-Dimensional Processes
    Three-Dimensional Processes
    Sterilization
    Steam Sterilization
    Ethylene Oxide Sterilization
    Radiation
    Commercial and Experimental Polyurethanes
    References
    Bulk Characterization and Structure-Property Relationships of Polyurethanes
    Introduction
    States of Order and Thermal Transitions of Polymers
    Intermolecular Bonding in Polymers
    Mechanical Behavior
    Molecular Weight
    Structure of Polyurethanes
    Microphase Separation
    Morphological Models of Block Copolymers
    Molecular Orientation in Polyurethanes
    Hydrogen Bonding
    Cross-Linking
    The Effect of Polyurethane Chemistry on Physical Properties
    Characterization of Polyurethanes
    Gel Permeation Chromatography
    Infrared Spectroscopy
    Differential Scanning Calorimetry
    Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis
    Electron Microscopy
    Stress-Strain Properties and Ultimate Tensile Strength
    Solubility Tests
    Permeability and Extractability
    Electrical Properties
    Summary
    References
    Surface Characterization of Polyurethanes
    Introduction
    Surface Energy and Surface Tension
    Contact Angles
    Contact Angle Measurement
    Contact Angle Hysteresis
    Attenuated Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR)
    ATR-FTIR Analysis of Polyurethanes
    Surface Spectroscopic Techniques
    X-Ray Photo-Electron Spectroscopy (XPS)
    Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS)
    Surface Spectroscopic Studies of Polyurethanes
    Surface Morphology
    Surface Electrical Properties
    Summary
    References
    Introduction to Host Responses
    Introduction
    Protein Adsorption
    The First Event
    Coagulation System
    Fibrinolytic System
    Cells, Extracellular Matrix, and Cellular Interactions
    Platelets
    Erythrocytes
    Leukocytes
    The Extracellular Matrix
    Cell Receptors and Mediators
    Hemostasis and Thrombosis
    The Inflammatory Response
    Foreign Body Response
    Wound Healing
    Immune Response
    Innate Immunity
    Complement System
    Adaptive Immunity
    Summary
    References
    Host Responses to Polyurethanes
    Introduction
    Assessment of Host Biomaterial Interactions
    In Vitro Testing
    Ex Vivo Testing
    In Vivo Testing
    Clinical Testing
    Guidelines for Biological Testing of Materials
    Protein Adsorption onto Polyurethanes
    Albumin
    Fibrinogen
    Fibronectin
    Vitronectin
    Lipoproteins
    Coagulation System
    Fibrinolytic System
    Complement System
    The Vroman Effect
    Cellular Responses to Polyurethanes
    Platelets
    Leukocytes
    Thrombus Formation
    Soft Tissue Interactions
    Neointima Formation on Polyurethanes
    Immunological Response to Biomaterials
    Infection
    Summary
    References
    Degradation of Polyurethanes
    Introduction
    Mechanisms of Biodegradation
    Hydrolysis
    Oxidation
    Chemical Degradation
    Sterilization
    Biological Catalysis of Degradation
    Environmental Stress Cracking
    Impact of Polyurethane Structure on Biodegradation
    Other Mechanisms of Degradation
    Implant Location
    Toxicity and Carcinogenicity
    Calcification of Polyurethanes
    Biodegradable Polyurethanes
    Summary
    References
    Polyurethanes in Biomedical Applications
    Introduction
    Cardiovascular Applications
    Catheters
    Pacemaker Lead Insulation
    Vascular Prostheses
    Heart Valves
    Cardiac Assist Devices
    Artificial Organs
    Artificial Heart
    Hemodialysis
    Artificial Lung/Blood Oxygenation
    Hemoperfusion
    Artificial Pancreas
    Blood Tubing
    Blood Filters
    Tissue Replacement and Augmentation
    Breast Implants
    Wound Dressings
    Facial Reconstruction
    Adhesives
    Other Applications
    Artificial Ducts
    Contraceptives
    Controlled Drug Delivery
    Penile Prostheses
    Miscellaneous
    References
    Summary and Future Directions
    List of Abbreviations
    Index

    Biography

    NinaM.K. Lamba

    "…an impressive updata of CRC's 1986 book entitled Polyurethanes in Medicine…the book serves as a valuable summary and is recommended for the practitioner using, or considering, polyurethanes."
    -David Hunkeler in Polymer News
    "This is an exceptionally well written book that is expected to become the standard reference...Written in a very clear scientific way, this book provides a balance between chemistry and biology, covering not only chemical synthesis and methods of preparation but also material characterization, host response, degradation phenomena and application. Highly recommended.
    -Nicholas A. Peppas, Purdue University