1st Edition

Organic Compounds in Soils, Sediments & Sludges Analysis and Determination

By T Roy Crompton Copyright 2013
    276 Pages
    by CRC Press

    276 Pages
    by CRC Press

    The increasing awareness of the effects of pollutants in the eco-system and on the development of suitable methods of analysis has stimulated a lot of research recently. This volume comprehensively discusses the range of methods available for the analysis and determination of organic compounds in soils, river and marine sediments and industrial sludges. A review is provided of the instrumentation used in soil and sediment laboratories and an indication of the types of organics that can be determined by each technique. Subsequent chapters discuss the analysis of various types of organics in a logical and systematic manner. Guidance is provided on the applicability of techniques in certain environments, the advantages and disadvantages of using one method over another, likely interference, the sensitivity of particular techniques, and detection limits. The work will be of interest to agricultural chemists, agriculturists concerned with ways in which organic chemicals used in crop or soil treatment permeate the ecosystem and to biologists and scientists involved in fish, plant and insect life. Toxicologists, public health workers, oceanographers, and environmentalists will also find the book beneficial.

    Preface

    1 Extraction of organic compounds from soil
    1.1 Conventional solvent extraction
    1.2 Accelerated solvent extraction
    1.3 Pressurised liquid extraction
    1.4 Microwave-assisted extraction
    1.5 Subcritical water extraction
    1.6 Solid-phase microextraction
    1.7 Supercritical fluid extraction
    References

    2 Organic compounds in soils
    2.1 Hydrocarbons
    2.1.1 Aliphatic hydrocarbons
    2.1.2 Aromatic hydrocarbons
    2.1.3 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)
    2.2 Oxygen containing compounds
    2.2.1 Alcohols, ketones and aldehydes
    2.2.2 Carboxylic acids
    2.2.3 Phenols
    2.2.4 Methoxy groups
    2.3 Chlorine containing compounds
    2.3.1 Chloroaliphatic hydrocarbons
    2.3.2 Chloroaromatic hydrocarbons
    2.3.3 Chlorophenols
    2.3.4 Polychlorobiphenyls
    2.4 Nitrogen containing compounds
    2.4.1 Aromatic amines
    2.4.2 Nitro compounds
    2.4.3 N-Oxides
    2.4.4 Nitrosamines
    2.4.5 Ethylene diamine tetracetric acid
    2.4.6 Acrylonitrile
    2.4.7 Polycyclic aromatic nitrogen heterocyclic
    2.4.8 Miscellaneous
    2.5 Sulphur and phosphorus compounds
    2.6 Volatile organic compounds
    2.7 Polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorodibenzofurans
    2.8 Miscellaneous organic compounds
    2.8.1 Humic and fulvic acids
    2.8.2 Mestranol
    2.8.3 Trifluoroacetic acid
    2.8.4 Flame retardants
    2.8.5 Polystyrene
    2.8.6 Further compounds
    2.9 Mixtures of organic pollutants in soil
    2.9.1 Gas chromatography
    2.9.2 Pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
    2.9.3 Purge and trap gas chromatography
    References

    3 Insecticides and herbicides in soils
    3.1 Chlorinated insecticides
    3.2 Triazine herbicides soil extraction procedures
    3.3 Phenoxy acetic acid herbicides
    3.4 Carbamate type insecticides
    3.5 Substituted urea herbicides
    3.6 Imidazolinone herbicide
    3.7 Organophosphorus insecticides
    3.8 Fungicides
    3.9 Miscellaneous insecticides and herbicides
    3.10 Multi insecticide/herbicide mixtures
    References

    4 Organometallic compounds in soils
    4.1 Organoarsenic compounds
    4.2 Organolead compounds
    4.3 Organotin compounds
    4.4 Organomercury compounds
    References

    5 Extraction of organic compounds from sediments
    5.1 Non-saline sediments
    5.2 Saline, marine sediments
    5.2.1 Filtration methods
    5.2.2 Separation by centrifugation
    5.2.3 Fractionation methods
    5.2.3.1 Fractionation by chemical leaching
    5.2.3.2 Fractionation by sedimentation
    5.2.4 Other fractionation methods
    References

    6 Organic compounds in non-saline sediments
    6.1 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
    6.2 Oxygen containing compounds
    6.2.1 Phenols
    6.2.2 Carboxylic acids
    6.2.3 Aldehydes and ketones
    6.2.4 Phthalate esters
    6.2.5 Cationic detergent
    6.3 Halogen containing compounds
    6.3.1 Volatile aliphatic chlorohydrocarbons
    6.3.2 Non-volatile aliphatic chlorohydrocarbons
    6.3.3 Organohalogen concentration techniques
    6.3.4 Chlorinated dioxins
    6.4 Nitrogen containing compounds
    6.5 Sulphur containing compounds
    6.6 Phosphorus containing compounds
    6.6.1 Alkyl and aryl phosphates
    6.6.2 Inositol phosphate
    6.6.3 Adenosine-5’-triphosphate
    6.6.4 Nucleotides
    6.7 Insecticides and pesticides
    6.7.1 Organophosphorus insecticides
    6.7.2 Organochlorine insecticides
    6.7.3 Azine type herbicides
    6.7.4 Carbamate type herbicides
    6.7.5 Phenoxy acetic acid type herbicides
    6.8 Miscellaneous organic compounds
    6.8.1 Humic and fulvic acid
    6.8.2 Detergents
    6.8.3 Optical whiteners
    6.8.4 Carbohydrates
    6.8.5 Uronic acids and aldoses
    6.8.6 Pharmaceuticals
    6.8.7 Sterols
    6.8.8 Miscellaneous
    References

    7 Organometallic compounds in non-saline sediments
    7.1 Organoarsenic compounds
    7.2 Organolead compounds
    7.3 Organotin compounds
    7.4 Organomercury compounds
    7.5 Organosilicon compounds
    References

    8 Organic compounds in saline marine and estuarine sediments
    8.1 Marine sediments
    8.1.1 Hydrocarbons
    8.1.1.1 Aliphatic hydrocarbons
    8.1.1.2 Aromatic hydrocarbons
    8.1.1.3 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
    8.1.2 Oxygen containing compounds
    8.1.2.1 Carbohydrates
    8.1.2.2 Surfactants
    8.1.3 Halogen containing compounds
    8.1.3.1 Chlorophenols
    8.1.3.2 Polychlorobiphenyls
    8.1.4 Nitrogen containing organic compounds
    8.1.5 Sulphur containing organic compounds
    8.1.6 Insecticides, pesticides and herbicides
    8.1.6.1 Organochlorine insecticides
    8.1.6.2 Organophosphorus pesticides
    8.1.7 Miscellaneous
    8.1.7.1 Priority pollutants
    8.1.7.2 Humic and fulvic acids
    8.2 Estuary sediments
    8.2.1 Chlorobenzenes
    8.2.2 Hexachlorophene
    8.2.3 Polychlorinated biphenyls, chlorinated insecticides and polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons
    8.2.4 Sterols
    8.2.5 Quaternary ammonium compounds
    8.3 Lacustrine sediments
    8.3.1 Aliphatic hydrocarbons
    8.3.2 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
    8.3.3 Sterols
    8.3.4 Unsubstituted and hydroxy substituted fatty acids
    References

    9 Organometallic compounds in saline sediments
    9.1 Organoarsenic compounds
    9.2 Organolead compounds
    9.3 Organotin compounds
    9.4 Organomercury compounds
    References

    10 Organic compounds in sludges
    10.1 Hydrocarbons
    10.1.1 Aliphatic hydrocarbons
    10.1.2 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
    10.2 Oxygen containing compounds
    10.2.1 Alcohols
    10.2.2 Aldehydes
    10.2.3 Carboxylic acids
    10.2.4 Phenols
    10.2.5 Surface active agents
    10.2.5.1 Anionic types
    10.2.5.2 Cationic detergents
    10.2.5.3 Non-ionic detergents
    10.3 Chlorine containing compounds
    10.3.1 Chlorinated hydrocarbons
    10.3.2 Haloforms
    10.3.3 Chlorophenols
    10.3.4 Chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid
    10.3.5 Polychloroinated biphenyl
    10.3.6 Polychloro-p-benzodioxins and polychlorodibenzofurans
    10.4 Nitrogen containing compounds
    10.4.1 Nitrilo acetic acid
    10.4.2 Ethylene diamine tetracetic acid
    10.4.3 Nitrosamines
    10.4.4 Guanidines
    10.4.5 Miscellaneous nitrogen compounds
    10.5 Sulphur containing compounds
    10.5.1 Alkyl sulphides
    10.5.2 Thiosteroids
    10.6 Phosphorus compounds
    10.7 Insecticides pesticides herbicides
    10.7.1 Organochlorine insecticides
    10.7.2 Carbamate insecticides and fungicides
    10.7.3 Organophosphorus insecticides
    10.7.4 Triazine herbicides
    10.7.5 Phenoxy acetic and herbicide
    10.7.6 Mirex
    10.8 Miscellaneous organic compounds
    10.8.1 Cobolamin
    10.8.2 Nucleic acids
    10.8.3 Adenosine phosphate ether
    10.8.4 Humic and fulvic acids
    10.8.5 Sucralose
    10.8.6 Organic carbon
    10.8.7 Miscellaneous
    10.9 Mixtures of organic compounds
    10.9.1 Gas chromatography
    10.9.2 Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
    10.9.3 High performance liquid chromatography
    10.9.4 Ion-exchange chromatography
    10.9.5 Gel filtration chromatography
    10.9.6 Preconcentration
    References

    11 Organometallic compounds in sludges
    11.1 Organolead compounds
    11.2 Organotin compounds
    11.3 Organomercury compounds

    References
    Index

    Biography

    T Roy Crompton