3rd Edition

Introduction to Plant Biotechnology (3/e)

By H S Chawla Copyright 2009
    744 Pages
    by CRC Press

    744 Pages
    by CRC Press

    This book has been written to meet the needs of students for biotechnology courses at various levels of undergraduate and graduate studies. This book covers all the important aspects of plant tissue culture viz. nutrition media, micropropagation, organ culture, cell suspension culture, haploid culture, protoplast isolation and fusion, secondary metabolite production, somaclonal variation and cryopreservation. For good understanding of recombinant DNA technology, chapters on genetic material, organization of DNA in the genome and basic techniques involved in recombinant DNA technology have been added. Different aspects on rDNA technology covered gene cloning, isolation of plant genes, transposons and gene tagging, in vitro mutagenesis, PCR, molecular markers and marker assisted selection, gene transfer methods, chloroplast and mitochondrion DNA transformation, genomics and bioinformatics. Genomics covers functional and structural genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, sequencing status of different organisms and DNA chip technology. Application of biotechnology has been discussed as transgenics in crop improvement and impact of recombinant DNA technology mainly in relation to biotech crops.

    Preface to the Third Edition
    Preface to the First Edition
    Abbreviations
    List of color figures

    PART I: PLANT TISSUE CULTURE
    INTRODUCTION
    New technologies
    Origin of biotechnology
    History
    LABORATORY ORGANIZATION
    Washing facility
    General laboratory and media preparation area
    Transfer area
    Culturing facilities
    Green houses
    Laboratory and personal safety
    NUTRITION MEDIUM
    Units for solution preparation
    Media composition
    STERILIZATION TECHNIQUES
    Preparation of sterile media, containers and small instruments
    Maintenance of aseptic conditions
    Sterilization of explant
    Protocols
    TYPES OF CULTURE
    Cytodifferentiation
    Organogenic differentiation
    Types of culture
    Protocols
    MICROPROPAGATION
    Axillary bud proliferation approach
    Organogenesis
    Embryogenesis
    Advantages of micropropagation
    Problems associated with micropropagation
    Protocols
    CELL SUSPENSION AND SECONDARY METABOLITES
    Types of suspension cultures
    Growth measurements
    Synchronization of suspension culture cells
    Technique for single cell culture—Bergmann cell plating technique
    Production of secondary metabolites
    Morphological and chemical differentiation
    Application
    Problems associated with secondary metabolite production
    Immobilized cell systems
    Biotransformation
    Secondary metabolite production using genetically engineered plant cell cultures
    Protocols
    IN VITRO PRODUCTION OF HAPLOIDS
    Androgenic methods
    Significance and uses of haploids
    Problems
    Gynogenic haploids
    Chromosome elimination technique for production of haploids in cereals (Barley and wheat)
    Protocol
    PROTOPLAST ISOLATION AND FUSION
    Protoplast isolation
    Protoplast development
    Cell wall formation
    Growth, division and plant regeneration
    Somatic hybridization
    Identification and selection of hybrid cells
    Verification & characterization of somatic hybrids
    Chromosome number in somatic hybrids
    Cybrids
    Potential of somatic hybridization
    Problems and limitations of somatic hybridization
    Protocol
    SOMACLONAL VARIATION
    Nomenclature
    Schemes for obtaining somaclonal variation
    Application of somaclonal variation
    Basis of somaclonal variation
    Disadvantages
    Gametoclonal variation
    GERMPLASM STORAGE & CRYOPRESERVATION
    Cryopreservation
    Slow growth method
    Achievements
    Applications
    Limitations

    PART II: GENETIC MATERIAL AND ITS ORGANIZATION
    GENETIC MATERIAL
    Sugars
    Amino acids
    Nucleotides
    Polynucleotides
    Genetic material
    ORGANIZATION OF DNA AND GENE EXPRESSION
    Different forms of DNA
    Supercoiling—Tertiary structure of DNA
    Cruciform—Tertiary structure of DNA
    Eukaryotic DNA organization into nucleosomes
    DNA content
    Denaturation
    Flow of genetic information: central dogma
    Organization of genes in DNA molecules
    Plant gene structure as discontinuous gene
    Control sequences
    Types of RNA molecules
    Transcription
    Genetic code and translation

    PART III: RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
    BASIC TECHNIQUES
    Agarose gel electrophoresis
    Pulsed field gel electrophoresis
    Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
    Nucleic acid blotting
    Protein blotting
    Dot blot technique
    Autoradiography
    E. coli transformation
    Protocol
    GENE CLONING: Cutting and joining DNA Molecules
    Introduction
    Enzymes for cutting: Restriction endonucleases
    Joining DNA molecules
    DNA modifying enzymes
    Linkers and adaptors
    Protocol
    GENE CLONING: Vectors
    Cloning vectors—features
    Biology of E. coli K-12
    Plasmids
    Cosmids
    Bacteriophage vectors
    Phagemids
    Yeast artificial chromosome (YAC)
    Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)
    P1 phage vectors
    P1 derived artificial chromosome (PAC)
    Transposon
    Shuttle vectors
    Expression vectors
    Protocols
    GENE CLONING: cDNA and Genomic Cloning and Analysis of Cloned DNA Sequences
    Gene libraries
    cDNA cloning
    Genomic cloning
    Identification and analysis of cloned genes
    Approaches for identification of genes
    Detection of nucleic acid sequences
    Radioactive probe preparation and labeling
    Non-radioactive labeling
    DNA sequencing
    POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION
    Introduction
    Procedure
    Components in a polymerase chain reaction
    Inverse PCR
    Reverse transcriptase mediated PCR (RT-PCR)
    Cloning of PCR products
    Applications
    Advantages
    Problems
    Protocol
    IN VITRO MUTAGENESIS
    Site directed mutagenesis
    Insertional mutagenesis
    TRANSPOSON GENETIC ELEMENTS AND GENE TAGGING
    Transposable elements in bacteria
    Transposable elements in eukaryotes
    Classification
    Transposon gene tagging
    GENE ISOLATION
    Chromosome maps
    General strategies for cloning genes from plants
    MOLECULAR MARKERS AND MARKER-ASSISTED SELECTION
    Morphological markers
    Biochemical markers
    Molecular markers
    History of evolution of molecular markers
    Non-PCR based approaches
    PCR based techniques
    Targeted PCR and sequencing
    Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)
    Molecular markers and plant diversity
    Fingerprinting
    Marker assisted selection
    Protocol
    GENE TRANSFER IN PLANTS
    Transient and stable expression
    Marker genes
    Chimeric gene vectors
    Gene transfer methods
    Status and expression of transferred genes
    Protocols
    CHLOROPLAST AND MITOCHONDRION DNA TRANSFORMATION
    Chloroplast Transformation
    The Plastid chromosome
    Selectable markers
    Homoplastomic lines development
    Advantages
    Applications
    Limitations of Chloroplast Transformation
    Mitochondrion transformation
    Targetting of Transgene Product into Chloroplasts and Mitochondria
    TRANSGENICS IN CROP IMPROVEMENT
    Resistance to biotic stresses
    IMPACT OF RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
    Agriculture
    Status of transgenic crops
    Benefits of transgenic crops
    Biotech crops in India
    Insect resistant plants through transgenic approach
    Herbicide tolerant plants through transgenic approach
    Plant based pharmaceuticals
    Production of biofuels
    Transgenic crops in future
    Biotechnology in Process Industry
    Bioremediation
    Healthcare applications
    Future
    BIOSAFETY CONCERNS AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
    Risk analysis
    Containment
    Biosafety levels
    Good laboratory practices
    Good laboratory practices
    Risk Management in Field Trials
    National Biosafety Regulatory framework in India
    Recombinant DNA safety Guidelines
    Revised Guidelines for Research in Transgenic Plants
    Cross border movement of transgenic germplasm for research purposes
    Biosafety concerns
    Socio-economic and ethical considerations
    International protocols and conventions on biosafety
    Regulatory frameworks in different countries
    GENOMICS
    Introduction
    Mapping of prokaryotic genomes
    Mapping of eukaryotic genomes
    Gene location in DNA sequences
    Yeast (S. cerevisiae) genome
    Human genome
    Arabidopsis genome
    Rice genome
    Functional genomics
    Patterns of gene expression
    Proteomics
    Metabolomics
    Phenomics
    BIOINFORMATICS
    Development of Bioinformatics
    Role of Internet in Bioinformatics
    Online
    Browsing working and downloading
    Sequences and Nomenclature
    File Formats
    Files of Structural data
    Submission of Sequences
    Databases
    Molecular Biology Databases
    Bioinformatics Databases and analysis Services
    Specialized Resources
    Bioinformatics Databases and Analysis Services
    Bioinformatics tools for access to databases
    Integrated Molecular Biology Database system
    Database integration strategies
    Detection of genes
    Applications
    Challenges
    INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
    Protection of intellectual property
    Appendix
    Glossary
    Author index
    Subject index

    Biography

    H. S. Chawla