The Finite Element Method for Mechanics of Solids with ANSYS Applications

Chapter 1: Finite Element Concepts
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Direct Stiffness Method
1.2.1 Merging the Element Stiffness Matrices
1.2.2 Augmenting the Element Stiffness Matrix
1.2.3 Stiffness Matrix Is Banded
1.3 The Energy Method
1.4 Truss Example
1.5 Axially Loaded Rod Example
1.5.1 Augmented Matrices for the Rod
1.5.2 Merge of Element Matrices for the Rod
1.6 Force Method
1.7 Other Structural Components
1.7.1 Space Truss
1.7.2 Beams and Frames
1.7.2.1 General Beam Equations
1.7.3 Plates and Shells
1.7.4 Two- or Three-Dimensional Solids
1.8 Problems
References
Bibliography

Chapter 2: Linear Elasticity
2.1 Basic Equations
2.1.1 Geometry of Deformation
2.1.2 Balance of Momentum
2.1.3 Virtual Work
2.1.4 Constitutive Relations
2.1.5 Boundary Conditions and Initial Conditions
2.1.6 Incompressible Materials
2.1.7 Plane Strain
2.1.8 Plane Stress
2.1.9 Tensile Test
2.1.10 Pure Shear
2.1.11 Pure Bending
2.1.12 Bending and Shearing
2.1.13 Properties of Solutions
2.1.14 A Plane Stress Example with a Singularity in Stress
2.2 Potential Energy
2.2.1 Proof of Minimum Potential Energy
2.3 Matrix Notation
2.4 Axially Symmetric Deformations
2.4.1 Cylindrical Coordinates
2.4.2 Axial Symmetry
2.4.3 Plane Stress and Plane Strain
2.5 Problems
References
Bibliography

Chapter 3: Finite Element Method for Linear Elasticity
3.1 Finite Element Approximation
3.1.1 Potential Energy
3.1.2 Finite Element Equations
3.1.3 Basic Equations in Matrix Notation
3.1.4 Basic Equations Using Virtual Work
3.1.5 Underestimate of Displacements
3.1.6 Nondimensional Equations
3.1.7 Uniaxial Stress
3.2 General Equations for an Assembly of Elements
3.2.1 Generalized Variational Principle
3.2.2 Potential Energy
3.2.3 Hybrid Displacement Functional
3.2.4 Hybrid Stress and Complementary Energy
3.2.5 Mixed Methods of Analysis
3.3 Nearly Incompressible Materials
3.3.1 Nearly Incompressible Plane Strain
Bibliography

Chapter 4: The Triangle and the Tetrahedron
4.1 Linear Functions over a Triangular Region
4.2 Triangular Element for Plane Stress and Plane Strain
4.3 Plane Quadrilateral from Four Triangles
4.3.1 Square Element Formed from Four Triangles
4.4 Plane Stress Example: Short Beam
4.4.1 Extrapolation of the Solution
4.5 Linear Strain Triangles
4.6 Four-Node Tetrahedron
4.7 Ten-Node Tetrahedron
4.8 Problems

Chapter 5: The Quadrilateral and the Hexahedron
5.1 Four-Node Plane Rectangle
5.1.1 Stress Calculations
5.1.2 Plane Stress Example: Pure Bending
5.1.3 Plane Strain Example: Bending with Shear
5.1.4 Plane Stress Example: Short Beam
5.2 Improvements to Four-Node Quadrilateral
5.2.1 Wilson–Taylor Quadrilateral
5.2.2 Enhanced Strain Formulation
5.2.3 Approximate Volumetric Strains
5.2.4 Reduced Integration on the κ Term
5.2.5 Reduced Integration on the λ Term
5.2.6 Uniform Reduced Integration
5.2.7 Example Using Improved Elements
5.3 Numerical Integration
5.4 Coordinate Transformations
5.5 Isoparametric Quadrilateral
5.5.1 Wilson–Taylor Element
5.5.2 Three-Node Triangle as a Special Case of Rectangle
5.6 Eight-Node Quadrilateral
5.6.1 Nodal Loads
5.6.2 Plane Stress Example: Pure Bending
5.6.3 Plane Stress Example: Bending with Shear
5.6.4 Plane Stress Example: Short Beam
5.6.5 General Quadrilateral Element
5.7 Eight-Node Block
5.8 Twenty-Node Solid
5.9 Singularity Element
5.10 Mixed U–P Elements
5.10.1 Plane Strain
5.10.2 Alternative Formulation for Plane Strain
5.10.3 3D Elements
5.11 Problems
References
Bibliography

Chapter 6: Errors and Convergence of Finite Element Solution
6.1 General Remarks
6.2 Element Shape Limits
6.2.1 Aspect Ratio
6.2.2 Parallel Deviation for a Quadrilateral
6.2.3 Large Corner Angle
6.2.4 Jacobian Ratio
6.3 Patch Test
6.3.1 Wilson–Taylor Quadrilateral
References

Chapter 7: Heat Conduction in Elastic Solids
7.1 Differential Equations and Virtual Work
7.2 Example Problem: One-Dimensional Transient Heat Flux
7.3 Example: Hollow Cylinder
7.4 Problems

Chapter 8: Finite Element Method for Plasticity
8.1 Theory of Plasticity
8.1.1 Tensile Test
8.1.2 Plane Stress
8.1.3 Summary of Plasticity
8.2 Finite Element Formulation for Plasticity
8.2.1 Fundamental Solution
8.2.2 Iteration to Improve the Solution
8.3 Example: Short Beam
8.4 Problems
Bibliography

Chapter 9: Viscoelasticity
9.1 Theory of Linear Viscoelasticity
9.1.1 Recurrence Formula for History
9.1.2 Viscoelastic Example
9.2 Finite Element Formulation for Viscoelasticity
9.2.1 Basic Step-by-Step Solution Method
9.2.2 Step-by-Step Calculation with Load Correction
9.2.3 Plane Strain Example
9.3 Problems
Bibliography

Chapter 10: Dynamic Analyses
10.1 Dynamical Equations
10.1.1 Lumped Mass
10.1.2 Consistent Mass
10.2 Natural Frequencies
10.2.1 Lumped Mass
10.2.2 Consistent Mass
10.3 Mode Superposition Solution
10.4 Example: Axially Loaded Rod
10.4.1 Exact Solution for Axially Loaded Rod
10.4.2 Finite Element Model
10.4.2.1 One-Element Model
10.4.2.2 Two-Element Model
10.4.3 Mode Superposition for Continuum Model of the Rod
10.5 Example: Short Beam
10.6 Dynamic Analysis with Damping
10.6.1 Viscoelastic Damping
10.6.2 Viscous Body Force
10.6.3 Analysis of Damped Motion by Mode Superposition
10.7 Numerical Solution of Differential Equations
10.7.1 Constant Average Acceleration
10.7.2 General Newmark Method
10.7.3 General Methods
10.7.3.1 Implicit Methods in General
10.7.3.2 Explicit Methods in General
10.7.4 Stability Analysis of Newmark’s Method
10.7.5 Convergence, Stability, and Error
10.7.6 Example: Numerical Integration for Axially Loaded Rod
10.8 Example: Analysis of Short Beam
10.9 Problems
Bibliography

Chapter 11: Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics
11.1 Fracture Criterion
11.1.1 Analysis of Sheet
11.1.2 Fracture Modes
11.1.2.1 Mode I
11.1.2.2 Mode II
11.1.2.3 Mode III
11.2 Determination of K by Finite Element Analysis
11.2.1 Crack Opening Displacement Method
11.3 J-Integral for Plane Regions
11.4 Problems
References
Bibliography

Chapter 12: Plates and Shells
12.1 Geometry of Deformation
12.2 Equations of Equilibrium
12.3 Constitutive Relations for an Elastic Material
12.4 Virtual Work
12.5 Finite Element Relations for Bending
12.6 Classical Plate Theory
12.7 Plate Bending Example
12.8 Problems
References
Bibliography

Chapter 13: Large Deformations
13.1 Theory of Large Deformations
13.1.1 Virtual Work
13.1.2 Elastic Materials
13.1.3 Mooney–Rivlin Model of an Incompressible Material
13.1.4 Generalized Mooney–Rivlin Model
13.1.5 Polynomial Formula
13.1.6 Ogden’s Function
13.1.7 Blatz–Ko Model
13.1.8 Logarithmic Strain Measure
13.1.9 Yeoh Model
13.1.10 Fitting Constitutive Relations to Experimental Data
13.1.10.1. Volumetric Data
13.1.10.2. Tensile Test
13.1.10.3. Biaxial Test
13.2 Finite Elements for Large Displacements
13.2.1 Lagrangian Formulation
13.2.2 Basic Step-by-Step Analysis
13.2.3 Iteration Procedure
13.2.4 Updated Reference Configuration
13.2.5 Example I
13.2.6 Example II
13.3 Structure of Tangent Modulus
13.4 Stability and Buckling
13.4.1 Beam–Column
13.5 Snap-Through Buckling
13.5.1 Shallow Arch
13.6 Problems
References
Bibliography

Chapter 14: Constraints and Contact
14.1 Application of Constraints
14.1.1 Lagrange Multipliers
14.1.2 Perturbed Lagrangian Method
14.1.3 Penalty Functions
14.1.4 Augmented Lagrangian Method
14.2 Contact Problems
14.2.1 Example: A Truss Contacts a Rigid Foundation
14.2.1.1 Load Fy > 0 Is Applied with Fx = 0
14.2.1.2 Loads Are Ramped Up Together: Fx = 27α, Fy = 12.8α
14.2.2 Lagrange Multiplier, No Friction Force
14.2.2.1 Stick Condition
14.2.2.2 Slip Condition
14.2.3 Lagrange Multiplier, with Friction
14.2.3.1 Stick Condition
14.2.3.2 Slip Condition
14.2.4 Penalty Method
14.2.4.1 Stick Condition
14.2.4.2 Slip Condition
14.3 Finite Element Analysis
14.3.1 Example: Contact of a Cylinder with a Rigid Plane
14.3.2 Hertz Contact Problem
14.4 Dynamic Impact
14.5 Problems
References
Bibliography

Chapter 15: ANSYS APDL Examples
15.1 ANSYS Instructions
15.1.1 ANSYS File Names
15.1.2 Graphic Window Controls
15.1.2.1 Graphics Window Logo
15.1.2.2 Display of Model
15.1.2.3 Display of Deformed and Undeformed Shape White on White
15.1.2.4 Adjusting Graph Colors
15.1.2.5 Printing from Windows Version of ANSYS
15.1.2.6 Some Useful Notes
15.2 ANSYS Elements SURF153, SURF154
15.3 Truss Example
15.4 Beam Bending
15.5 Beam with a Distributed Load
15.6 One Triangle
15.7 Plane Stress Example Using Triangles
15.8 Cantilever Beam Modeled as Plane Stress
15.9 Plane Stress: Pure Bending
15.10 Plane Strain Bending Example
15.11 Plane Stress Example: Short Beam
15.12 Sheet with a Hole
15.12.1 Solution Procedure
15.13 Plasticity Example
15.14 Viscoelasticity Creep Test
15.15 Viscoelasticity Example
15.16 Mode Shapes and Frequencies of a Rod
15.17 Mode Shapes and Frequencies of a Short Beam
15.18 Transient Analysis of Short Beam
15.19 Stress Intensity Factor by Crack Opening Displacement
15.20 Stress Intensity Factor by J-Integral
15.21 Stretching of a Nonlinear Elastic Sheet
15.22 Nonlinear Elasticity: Tensile Test
15.23 Column Buckling
15.24 Column Post-Buckling
15.25 Snap-Through
15.26 Plate Bending Example
15.27 Clamped Plate
15.28 Gravity Load on a Cylindrical Shell
15.29 Plate Buckling
15.30 Heated Rectangular Rod
15.31 Heated Cylindrical Rod
15.32 Heated Disk
15.33 Truss Contacting a Rigid Foundation
15.34 Compression of a Rubber Cylinder between Rigid Plates
15.35 Hertz Contact Problem
15.36 Elastic Rod Impacting a Rigid Wall
15.37 Curve Fit for Nonlinear Elasticity Using Blatz–Ko Model
15.38 Curve Fit for Nonlinear Elasticity Using Polynomial Model
Bibliography

Chapter 16: ANSYS Workbench
16.1 Two- and Three-Dimensional Geometry
16.2 Stress Analysis
16.3 Short Beam Example
16.3.1 Short Beam Geometry
16.3.2 Short Beam, Static Loading
16.3.3 Short Beam, Transient Analysis
16.4 Filleted Bar Example
16.5 Sheet with a Hole
Bibliography

Index

Biography

Ellis H. Dill

"… clearly written and addresses theory and solution of numerous example problems with the ANSYS software, including both ADPL and Workbench modules. … a useful reference for practicing engineers and scientists in industry and academia."
—John D. Clayton, Ph.D., A. James Clark School of Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, USA