The most exhaustive book on forensic dentistry, the fourth edition of this volume covers the latest advances in the field, including regulations affecting forensic dental practice and procedures in light of the Health Insurance Portability and Accessibility Act, updated ABFO guidelines, and new digital radiographic and photographic developments. The book also discusses computer-assisted record management, multiple fatality incident preparedness, and Disaster Mortuary Operation Response Team in a post-9/11, tsunami, and Hurricane Katrina world.
Editors
Contributors
Past Presidents of the American Society of Forensic Odontology
Forward
Preface
Acknowledgements
History of the American Society of Forensic Odontology
Introduction to Forensic Odontology
Starting a Career as a Forensic Dentist
Human Identification
Introduction
Personal Recognition and Personal Effects
Facial Superimposition
Facial Reconstruction
General Technique
Fingerprinting
Dental Identification
General Dental Participation
Records Availability
Providing Permanent Identification for Your Patients
Recognizing and Reporting Suspected Cases of Abuse and Neglect
Participating in DMORT or State Identification Teams
Response to Bioterrorism and Emergency Medical Care
Forensic Imaging Techniques
Photography
Radiography
Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-ray Spectroscopy
Antemortem Considerations
Sources for Antemortem Information
Charting, Retention of Records and Data Bases
The Clinical Record
Undocumented Individuals
Post Mortem Considerations
The Oral Autopsy
Children
Partial Decomposition and Trauma
Incineration
The Burning Process
Burning and Dental Evidence
Skeletonized and Partial Remains
Comparison Considerations and Issues
Age Estimation
Purpose, Value, and Limitations of Age Estimation
Dental Age Estimation
Formation and Growth of Teeth
Eruption of Deciduous and Permanent Teeth
Progressive Changes in Developing Teeth
Histologic Changes in Teeth
Biochemical Changes in Teeth
Other Methods
Living Individuals
Deceased Individuals
Summary
Anthropology
Occupation
Medical Conditions and Treatments
Medical Conditions with Oral Hard Tissue Manifestations
Habits and Addictions
Abnormalities of Tooth Formation and Eruption
Place of Residence
Sex Determination
Ethnicity
Genetic (DNA) Comparison
Chemical Composition of DNA
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
Methods of DNA Analysis
Responsibilities of the Odontologist
Establishing Rapport with the Laboratory
Management of the Evidence
DNA from Oral Tissues
Reporting Results
Salivary DNA Recovered From Human Bite Marks
Multiple Fatality Incident Management and Bioterrorism Issues
Introduction
Problems Associated with Identification in a Multiple Fatality Incident
National Dental Image Repository (NDIR)
Organization and Planning for Emergency Management
The National Response Plan
The National Incident Management System
Incident Command System (ICS)
Communication and Information Management
Preparedness
Joint Information System (JIS)
NIMS Integration Center (NIC)
NRP Maintenance
Formation of a Dental Identification Team
Team Administration and Maintenance Information
Notification of Team Existence and Logistical Issues
Team Organization
The Post Mortem Section
The Radiography and Photography Section
The Antemortem Section
The Comparison Section
Computer System
Compensation
DMORT and DMAT
History of DMORT
Disaster Mortuary Operational Team (DMORT)
Organizational Structure of DMORT
Composition of DMORT Strike Teams
Interaction with Local Authorities
Deployment of DMORT Personnel
Command Structure of DMORT
Technical Needs of the Dental Section
Dental Section Protocols
Assessment of DMORT Dental Response Following Hurricane Katrina
Development of Protocols for Use in Future Multiple Fatality Incidents
Planned Deployment of Personnel – Problems Encountered
Planned Procurement of Necessary Equipment and Supplies
Long Term Planning
Disaster Medical Assistance Team (DMAT)
Bioterrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction
Background Information
Bioterrorism and Biological Weapons
History of Bioterrorism
Weapons Agents Used by Terrorists
Identification of Bioterrorism Threats
Detection of Bioterrorism Agent Threat
Detection of Biological Agents
Laboratory Response Network (LRN)
Historical and Practical Examples
Technology Advances in Identification Issues since September 11, 2001
Historical Perspective
Transition
Accomplishing Transition Goals
Protocols Developed and Implemented
Lessons Learned
Bite Mark Analysis
Introduction and History
Dr. Jonathan Taft and Other Significant Early Cases
State of the Science
Recognition of Bite Marks
General Considerations
Victim Examination and Evidence Collection
Non-Invasive Analysis
Two-Dimensional Evidence
Three-Dimensional Evidence
Invasive Analyses
Tissue Incision
Tissue Excision
Tissue Sampling
Histological Evaluation
Transillumination
Suspect Examination and Evidence Collection
Two-Dimensional Evidence
Photography
Buccal Swabs
Three-Dimensional Evidence
Bite Mark Impressions
Analysis and Comparison of the Evidence
Description of the Injury
Description of the Dentition
Comparison of the Dentition to the Injury
Metric Analysis
Overlay Comparison
Specialized Procedures
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
Future Directions
Human Abuse and Neglect
Overview of Human Abuse
Information Concerning Abusers
Child Abuse/Neglect
Risk Factors
Signs and Symptoms Associated with the Various Types of Child Abuse
Physical Abuse
Sexual Abuse
Emotional Maltreatment
Neglective Abuse
Munchausen by Proxy Syndrome (MBPS)
Diagnosis of Child Abuse
Dental Implications of Child Abuse/Neglect
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)
Dental Implications of IPV
Elder Abuse
Dental Implications of Elder Abuse
Abuse of the Disabled
Examination and Documentation of Suspected Inflicted Trauma
Intervention
Protective Custody Issues
Resources
The PANDA Program
Conclusion
Technological Aides in Forensic Odontology
Introduction
Film Based Photography
Basic Principles
Optical Physics
Exposure
Equipment for Forensic Dentistry – Film Based
Digital Based Photography
Basic Digital Protocol
Standard Photography Views
Identification Cases
Bite Mark Cases
Advanced Photographic Techniques
The Electromagnetic Spectrum and Photography
Alternate Light Imaging (ALI/Fluorescent Photography)
ALI Protocol
Reflective (Long Wavelength) Ultraviolet Photography (UVA)
Ultraviolet Photography Protocol
Infrared Photography (IR)
Infrared Protocol
Radiology
Digital Radiology (DR)
Basic Terminology Associated with Electronic Imaging
Advantages of DR Technology
Disadvantages of DR Technology
Legal Ramifications of DR Technology
DR Technology/Radiographic Film Comparison
Application of DR in Forensic Dental Identification Cases
The Future Role of DR Technology in Dental Identification Settings
Hand Held Portable X-Ray Generators
Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT)
CBCT Role in Forensic Odontology
Scanning Electron Microscopy with X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS)
Introduction
SEM Imaging Concepts
Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS)
Sample Preparation for SEM
Distinguishing Tooth Structure from Bone and Other Materials
Evidence of Restorative Procedures
Analysis of Restorative Materials
Bite Mark Analysis and Evidence from Skin Using SEM
Materials & Methods
Exemplar Analyses
Interpretation of Analyses
Conclusion
X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF)
Computer Software and Hardware
Historical Programs
WinID
Other Software Programs
Adobe Photoshop
MideoSystems: CASEWORKS
CASEWOR KS and Bite Mark Identification
New Output Technology
Conclusion
Dental Jurisprudence
The Admissibility of Scientific and Non-Scientific Evidence in Court
Rules of Evidence
The Odontologist’s Role as an Expert Witness
Pre-Trial Preparation
Evidence Management
The Trial
Qualifying the Expert Witness
General Comments Regarding Testimony
Direct Examination
Cross Examination
Malpractice: Professional Liability Issues
Legal Background
Standard of Care Issues
Malpractice
Plaintiff Review
Personal Injury Cases
Ethical Considerations
Professional Ethics
Attorney’s Ethics in Dealing with Experts
The Expert’s Ethical Obligations
Absolute Immunity – The Rationale
Expert Witness Immunity Relative to Dental Testimony
A Perspective
HIPAA Regulations – Applications to Forensic Odontology
Voluntary Observance of the Privacy Rule
The Privacy Rule - Key Terms
Appendices
The Scientific Method and Forensic Odontology
Representative Acceptable Courses in Forensic Odontology
ABFO Guidelines
Charts on Facial Tissue Depth for Reconstruction
Resources to Assist in Forensic Identification
Tooth Conversion Tables
Information for DMOR T Membership
Tasks Related to WIN ID Comparison Procedures
Court Rulings of 1st and 4th Amendments and the Patriots Act
Abuse and Neglect Protocols
Case Presentation of a Dog Bite Homicide
Bite Mark Cases of Note
Index
Biography
Huczynski, Andzrej; Herschaft, Edward E.
