1st Edition

Compact Plasma and Focused Ion Beams

By Sudeep Bhattacharjee Copyright 2013
    392 Pages 207 B/W Illustrations
    by CRC Press

    392 Pages 207 B/W Illustrations
    by CRC Press

    Recent research has brought the application of microwaves from the classical fields of heating, communication, and generation of plasma discharges into the generation of compact plasmas that can be used for applications such as FIB and small plasma thrusters. However, these new applications bring with them a new set of challenges. With coverage ranging from the basics to new and emerging applications, Compact Plasma and Focused Ion Beams discusses how compact high-density microwave plasmas with dimensions smaller than the geometrical cutoff dimension can be generated and utilized for providing focused ion beams of various elements.

    Starting with the fundamentals of the cutoff problem for wave propagation in waveguides and plasma diagnostics, the author goes on to explain in detail the plasma production by microwaves in a compact geometry and narrow tubes. He then thoroughly discusses wave interaction with bounded plasmas and provides a deeper understanding of the physics. The book concludes with an up-to-date account of recent research on pulsed microwaves and the application of compact microwave plasmas for multi-element FIB.

    It provides a consolidated and unified description of the emerging areas in plasma science and technology utilizing wave-based plasma sources based on the author’s own work and experience. The book will be useful not only to established researchers in this area but will also serve as an excellent introduction to those interested in applying these ideas to various current and new applications.

    Introduction
    Plasma
    Particle Interactions
    Some Basic Plasma Properties
    Criterion for the Definition of a Plasma
    Different Types of Plasmas
    Description of Plasmas
    Theoretical Approaches
    Microwave-Generated Plasmas
    Compact Microwave Plasma Sources
    Research Objective and Methods
    References

    Review of the Cutoff Problem
    A Brief History of Earlier Work
    Microwave Propagation in Waveguides
    Plasma Density Cutoff
    References

    Plasma and Wave Diagnostics
    Plasma Diagnostics with Langmuir’s Probes
    Design of Electromagnetic Probes
    References

    Genesis of a Wave Induced Discharge: A New Perspective
    Introduction
    Historical Development of Breakdown Studies
    Modeling of the Electron Dynamics
    Development of the General Algorithm
    Field-Free Case: Three-Dimensional Random Walk
    Electron Transport in the Presence of an EM Field
    Magnetostatically Assisted Electron Transport in the Presence of an EM Field
    Electric Field Effects and the Random Walk Parameter
    Linear and Circularly Polarized Waves
    Summary and Conclusion
    References

    Plasma Production in Continuous-Mode Microwaves: Near-Circular Multicusp
    Introduction
    Apparatus
    Multicusp Design
    Waveguide Design
    Experimental Results
    Spatial Profiles of the Plasma
    Discussion
    Conclusions
    References

    Plasma Production in Continuous-Mode Microwaves: Rectangular Nonmulticusp Waveguide
    Introduction
    Experimental Procedures
    Experimental Results
    Discussion
    Conclusions
    References

    Comparison of Square and Near-Circular Multicusp Waveguides
    Introduction
    Waveguide Design
    Experimental Results
    Discussion
    Conclusions
    Summary of Experimental Results in Continuous-Mode Microwaves
    Summary of the Plasma Production Mechanisms
    References

    Plasma Production in Pulsed-Mode Microwaves: General Experiment
    Introduction
    Apparatus and Methods of the Experiment in a Circular Waveguide with a Dimension below Cutoff
    Some Additional Details of the Experimental Set-Up
    Probe for Measuring the Electric Field
    Experimental Results
    Discussion
    Conclusions
    References

    Plasma Production in Pulsed-Mode Microwaves: Circular Multicusp Waveguide with a Dimension below Cutoff
    Introduction
    Experimental Setup and Procedures
    Experimental Results
    Discussion
    Conclusions
    References

    Plasma Buildup by Short-Pulse, High-Power Microwaves
    Introduction
    Experiments
    Discussion
    Conclusion
    References

    Power Absorption and Intense Collimated Beam Production in a Pulsed High-Power Microwave Ion Source
    Introduction
    Ion Source Design and Experimental Setup
    Experimental Results
    Discussion
    Conclusions
    Summary in Pulsed Microwaves
    References

    New Experiments in Continuous-Mode Microwaves: Formation of Standing Waves and Electron Trapping
    Overview of the New Experimental System
    Introduction
    Spatial Plasma Characteristics
    Axial Wave Field Intensity Measurements
    Electron Trapping in SW Minima
    Model Calculation
    Summary and Discussion
    References

    Penetration and Screening of Perpendicularly Launched Electromagnetic Waves
    Introduction
    Experimental Setup
    Experimental Observation
    Modeling
    Modeling Results
    Discussion and Summary
    References

    Wave Birefringence in Perpendicular Propagation
    Introduction
    Polar Plasma Characteristics
    Polar Wave Field Intensity Measurements
    Modeling of the Wave Birefringence
    Discussion and Summary
    References

    Electron Localization and Trapping Physics Revisited
    Introduction
    Experimental Setup
    Experimental Results
    Modeling
    Modeling Results
    Summary and Discussion
    References

    New Experiments in Pulsed Microwaves: Quasisteady-State Interpulse Plasmas
    Introduction
    Experiment
    Experimental Results
    Model Calculation
    Discussion and Conclusion
    References

    Electron Plasma Waves Inside Large-Amplitude Electromagnetic Pulses
    Introduction
    Experimental Setup
    Experimental Results
    Time–Frequency Analysis
    Model
    Summary
    References

    Transition from Interpulse to Afterglow Plasmas
    Introduction
    Experimental Setup
    Results
    Summary
    References

    Introduction to Focused Ion Beams
    Focused Ion Beams
    References

    Experimental Setup for Basic Plasma Studies
    Introduction
    Basic Plasma Experiments
    Measurement of Plasma Parameters
    Sub-Cutoff Dimensional Plasma Sources
    Conclusion
    References

    Basic Beam Studies: Extraction and Ion Energy Distribution
    Introduction
    Experiment
    Results and Discussion
    Conclusion
    References

    Multielement Focused Ion Beam
    Introduction
    Beam Column of MEFIB
    Beam Simulation Codes
    Results and Discussion
    Tolerance Studies
    Conclusion
    References

    Focused Ion Beam Experiments
    Introduction
    Results and Discussion
    Conclusion
    References

    Summary and Future Prospects
    Index

    Biography

    Sudeep Bhattacharjee

    "In his book, Professor Bhattacharjee has shown how compact and overdense plasmas in the microwave regime can be generated and sustained using multicusp magnetic fields. Detailed investigations of the physics of wave interactions with such bounded plasmas have been carried out and elaborated in the book, including adequate theoretical treatments and modeling. … The book reports several new findings in this class of plasmas … the latter half of the book is devoted to generation of multi-element focused ion beams (FIB) from these compact plasmas to widen the scope of research and applications of present day FIB systems. … The book will also be useful to graduate students or researchers wanting to learn experimental plasma physics in general and or entering the research area of wave-assisted plasmas."
    —Hiroshi Amemiya, RIKEN Expert Corps Research and Development Inc. (Rec-Rd Inc.), Wako, Saitama, Japan

    "… valuable treatise on compact plasma production and its applications … The book will be useful not only to researchers in this area but will also serve as an excellent introduction to those contemplating to apply these ideas to various current and new applications. My congratulations to the author on this excellent contribution."
    —Abhijit Sen, Institute for Plasma Research, India

    "This book addresses one of the popular methods used to create dense plasmas: microwave sources. It is addressed to those wishing to have a more profound understanding of the physics of microwave plasma generation in small sources and the details of the extraction of kilovolt ion beams from such a source. I can recommend this book to all who wish to enter this new area of technological development."
    —Rod Boswell, Australian National University, Canberra

    "The book is rich in knowledge on physics of wave interaction with plasmas sustained in compact geometries in multicusp magnetic fields and, furthermore, suggests a novel application of ion beams obtained from these plasmas. I am confident that the readers will benefit much from this book. The author is congratulated on completing this outstanding piece of work."
    —Takahide Nakagawa, RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, Japan

    "The book provides a timely account of this emerging and exciting field of microwave plasmas, and it is written by an author who has worked in the frontier of the field for nearly two decades. The text is clear and concise. No print is wasted on lengthy expansions of basic textbook introductions to plasma physics. Instead, the focus turns immediately to the most relevant topics necessary to understand this particular type of plasma production. … a thorough discussion on wave interaction with bounded plasmas provides a deeper understanding of the physics. … This important book is a must for graduate students and researchers in experimental plasma physics who want to get up to speed with the latest research in compact microwave plasmas!"
    —Ashild Fredriksen, University of Tromso, Norway