2nd Edition

Advanced Digital Optical Communications

By Le Nguyen Binh Copyright 2015
    940 Pages
    by CRC Press

    938 Pages 781 B/W Illustrations
    by CRC Press

    This second edition of Digital Optical Communications provides a comprehensive treatment of the modern aspects of coherent homodyne and self-coherent reception techniques using algorithms incorporated in digital signal processing (DSP) systems and DSP-based transmitters to overcome several linear and nonlinear transmission impairments and frequency mismatching between the local oscillator and the carrier, as well as clock recovery and cycle slips. These modern transmission systems have emerged as the core technology for Tera-bits per second (bps) and Peta-bps optical Internet for the near future.

    Featuring extensive updates to all existing chapters, Advanced Digital Optical Communications, Second Edition:

    • Contains new chapters on optical fiber structures and propagation, optical coherent receivers, DSP equalizer algorithms, and high-order spectral DSP receivers
    • Examines theoretical foundations, practical case studies, and MATLAB® and Simulink® models for simulation transmissions
    • Includes new end-of-chapter practice problems and useful appendices to supplement technical information

    Downloadable content available with qualifying course adoption

    Advanced Digital Optical Communications, Second Edition supplies a fundamental understanding of digital communication applications in optical communication technologies, emphasizing operation principles versus heavy mathematical analysis. It is an ideal text for aspiring engineers and a valuable professional reference for those involved in optics, telecommunications, electronics, photonics, and digital signal processing.

    Preface

    Acknowledgments

    Author

    Acronyms

    Introduction

    Digital Optical Communications and Transmission Systems: Challenging Issues

    Enabling Technologies

    Modulation Formats and Optical Signal Generation

    Advanced Modulation Formats

    Incoherent Optical Receivers

    DSP-Coherent Optical Receivers

    Transmission of Ultra-Short Pulse Sequence

    Electronic Equalization

    Ultra-Short Pulse Transmission

    Organization of the Book Chapters

    References

    Optical Fibers

    Overview

    Optical Fiber: General Properties

    Geometrical Structures and Index Profile

    Fundamental Mode of Weakly Guiding Fibers

    Equivalent Step-Index Description

    Nonlinear Effects

    Nonlinear Self-Phase Modulation Effects

    Self-Phase Modulation

    Cross-Phase Modulation

    Stimulated Scattering Effects

    Signal Attenuation in Optical Fibers

    Intrinsic or Material Absorption Losses

    Waveguide Losses

    Attenuation Coefficient

    Signal Distortion through Optical Fibers

    Material Dispersion

    Waveguide Dispersion

    Polarization-Mode Dispersion

    Transfer Function of Single-Mode Fibers

    Linear Transfer Function

    Nonlinear Fiber Transfer Function

    Transmission Bit Rate and the Dispersion Factor

    Fiber Nonlinearity Revisited

    SPM and XPM Effects

    SPM and Modulation Instability

    Effects of Mode Hopping

    SPM and Intrachannel Nonlinear Effects

    Nonlinear Phase Noises in Cascaded Multispan Optical Link

    Special Dispersion Optical Fibers

    SMF Transfer Function: Simplified Linear and Nonlinear Operating Region

    Numerical Solution: Split-Step Fourier Method

    Symmetrical Split-Step Fourier Method

    Concluding Remarks

    References

    Optical Transmitters

    Optical Modulators

    Phase Modulators

    Intensity Modulators

    Structures of Photonic Modulators

    Operating Parameters of Optical Modulators

    Return-to-Zero Optical Pulses

    Generation

    Phasor Representation

    Differential Phase Shift Keying

    Background

    Optical DPSK Transmitter

    Generation of Modulation Formats

    Amplitude–Modulation ASK-NRZ and ASK-RZ

    Discrete Phase–Modulation NRZ Formats

    Continuous Phase–Modulation PM-NRZ Formats

    Single-Sideband (SSB) Optical Modulators

    Multicarrier Multiplexing Optical Modulators

    Spectra of Modulation Formats

    Spectral Characteristics of Digital Modulation Formats

    I–Q Integrated Modulators

    In-Phase and Quadrature-Phase Optical Modulators

    I–Q Modulator and Electronic Digital Multiplexing for Ultra-High Bit Rates

    Digital-to-Analog Converter for DSP-Based Modulation and Transmitter

    Fujitsu DAC

    Structure

    Generation of I and Q Components

    Concluding Remarks

    Problems on Tx for Advanced Modulation Formats for Long-Haul Transmission Systems

    References

    Optical Receivers and Transmission Performance: Fundamentals

    Introduction

    Digital Optical Receivers

    Photonic and Electronic Noise

    Performance Evaluation of Binary Amplitude Modulation Format

    Received Signals

    Probability Distribution Functions

    Receiver Sensitivity

    OSNR and Noise Impact

    Quantum Limit of Optical Receivers under Different Modulation Formats

    Direct Detection

    Coherent Detection

    Coherent Detection with Matched Filter

    Binary Coherent Optical Receiver

    Noncoherent Detection for Optical DPSK and MSK

    Photonic Balanced Receiver

    Optical Frequency Discrimination Receiver

    Transmission Impairments

    Chromatic Dispersion

    Chromatic Linear Dispersion

    Polarization-Mode Dispersion

    Fiber Nonlinearity

    MATLAB® and Simulink® Simulator for Optical Communications Systems

    Fiber Propagation Model

    Nonlinear Effects via Fiber Propagation Model

    Performance Evaluation

    BER from Monte Carlo Method

    BER and Q Factor from Probability Distribution Functions

    Histogram Approximation

    Optical SNR

    Eye Opening Penalty

    Statistical Evaluation Techniques

    Generalized Pareto Distribution

    Novel BER Statistical Techniques

    Effects of Source Linewidth

    Concluding Remarks

    Problems

    Appendix: Sellmeier’s Coefficients for Different Core Materials

    Appendix: Total Equivalent Electronic Noise

    References

    Optical Coherent Detection and Processing Systems

    Introduction

    Coherent Receiver Components

    Coherent Detection

    Optical Heterodyne Detection

    Optical Homodyne Detection

    Optical Intradyne Detection

    Self-Coherent Detection and Electronic DSP

    Electronic Amplifiers: Responses and Noise

    Introduction

    Wideband TIAs

    Amplifier Noise Referred to Input

    Digital Signal Processing Systems and Coherent Optical Reception

    DSP-Assisted Coherent Detection

    Coherent Reception Analysis

    Digital Processing Systems

    Concluding Remarks

    References

    Differential Phase Shift Keying Photonic Systems

    Introduction

    Optical DPSK Modulation and Formats

    Generation of RZ Pulses

    Phasor Representation

    Phasor Representation of CSRZ Pulses

    Phasor Representation of RZ33 Pulses

    Discrete Phase Modulation—DPSK

    DPSK-Balanced Receiver

    DPSK Transmission Experiment

    Components and Operational Characteristics

    Spectra of Modulation Formats

    Dispersion Tolerance of Optical DPSK Formats

    Optical Filtering Effects

    Performance of CSRZ-DPSK over a Dispersion-Managed Optical Transmission Link

    Mutual Impact of Adjacent 10G and 40G DWDM Channels

    DQPSK Modulation Format

    DQPSK

    Offset DQPSK Modulation Format

    MATLAB® and Simulink® Model

    Comparisons of Different Formats and ASK and DPSK

    BER and Receiver Sensitivity

    Dispersion Tolerance

    PMD Tolerance

    Robustness toward Nonlinear Effects

    Concluding Remarks

    Appendix: MATLAB® and Simulink® Model for DQPSK Optical System

    References

    Multilevel Amplitude and Phase Shift Keying Optical Transmission

    Introduction

    Amplitude and Differential Phase Modulation

    ASK Modulation

    Differential Phase Modulation

    Comparison of Different Amplitude and Phase Optical Modulation Formats

    Multilevel Optical Transmitter Using Single Dual-Drive MZIM Transmitter

    MADPSK Optical Transmission

    Performance Evaluation

    Implementation of MADPSK Transmission Models

    Transmitter Model

    Receiver Model

    Transmission Fiber and Dispersion Compensation Fiber Model

    Transmission Performance

    Star 16-QAM Optical Transmission

    Introduction

    Design of 16-QAM Signal Constellation

    Signal Constellation

    Optimum Ring Ratio for Star Constellation

    Detection Methods

    Transmitter Design

    Receiver for 16-Star QAM

    Other Multilevel and Multi-Subcarrier Modulation Formats for 100 Gbps Ethernet Transmission

    Concluding Remarks

    References

    Continuous Phase Modulation Format Optical Systems

    Introduction

    Generation of Optical MSK-Modulated Signals

    Detection of M-ary CPFSK-Modulated Optical Signal

    Optical MSK Transmitter Using Parallel I–Q MZIMs

    Optical MSK Receivers

    Optical Binary Amplitude MSK Format

    Generation

    Optical MSK

    Numerical Results and Discussion

    Transmission Performance of Linear and Nonlinear Optical MSK Systems

    Transmission Performance of Binary Amplitude Optical MSK Systems

    Concluding Remarks

    References

    Frequency Discrimination Reception for Optical Minimum Shift Keying

    Introduction

    ONFDR Operational Principles

    Receiver Modeling

    Receiver Design

    Optical Filter Passband

    Center Frequency of the Optical Filter

    Optimum ODL

    ONFDR Optimum Bandwidth and Center Frequency

    Receiver Performance: Numerical Validation

    ONFDR Robustness to Chromatic Dispersion

    Dispersion Tolerance

    10 Gbps Transmission

    Robustness to PMD of ONFDR

    Resilience to Nonlinearity (SPM) of ONFDR

    Transmission Limits of OFDR-Based Optical MSK Systems

    Dual-Level Optical MSK

    Generation Scheme

    Incoherent Detection Technique

    Optical Power Spectrum

    Receiver Sensitivity

    Remarks

    Concluding Remarks

    References

    Partial Responses and Single-Sideband Optical Modulation

    Partial Responses: Duobinary Modulation Formats

    Introduction

    DBM Formatter

    40 Gbps DB Optical Fiber Transmission Systems

    Electro-Optic Duobinary Transmitter

    DuoB Encoder

    External Modulator

    DuoB Transmitters and Precoder

    Alternative Phase DB Transmitter

    Fiber Propagation

    Duobinary Direct Detection Receiver

    System Transmission and Performance

    DB Encoder

    Transmitter

    Transmission Performance

    Alternating-Phase and Variable-Pulse-Width DuoB: Experimental Setup and Transmission Performance

    Remarks

    DWDM VSB Modulation-Format Optical Transmission

    Transmission System

    VSB Filtering and DWDM Channels

    Transmission Dispersion and Compensation Fibers

    Transmission Performance

    Single-Sideband Modulation

    Hilbert Transform SSB MZ Modulator Simulation

    SSB Demodulator Simulation

    Concluding Remarks

    References

    OFDM Optical Transmission Systems

    Introduction

    Principles of oOFDM: OFDM as a Multicarrier Modulation Format

    FFT- and IFFT-Based OFDM Principles

    Optical OFDM Transmission Systems

    Impacts on Nonlinear Modulation Effects on Optical OFDM

    Dispersion Tolerance

    Resilience to PMD Effects

    OFDM and DQPSK Formats for 100 Gbps Ethernet

    Concluding Remarks

    References

    Digital Signal Processing in Optical Transmission Systems under Self-Homodyne Coherent Reception

    Introduction

    Electronic Digital Processing Equalization

    System Representation of Equalized Transfer Function

    Generic Equalization Formulation

    Impulse and Step Responses of the Single-Mode Optical Fiber

    Electrical Linear Double-Sampling Equalizers for Duobinary Modulation Formats for Optical Transmission

    MLSE Equalizer for Optical MSK Systems

    Configuration of MLSE Equalizer in OFDR

    MLSE Equalizer with Viterbi Algorithm

    MLSE Equalizer with Reduced-State Template Matching

    MLSE Scheme Performance

    Performance of MLSE Schemes in 40 Gbps Transmission

    Transmission of 10 Gbps Optical MSK Signals over 1472 km SSMF Uncompensated Optical Link

    Performance Limits of Viterbi-MLSE Equalizers

    Viterbi-MLSE Equalizers for PMD Mitigation

    On the Uncertainty and Transmission Limitation of Equalization Process

    Nonlinear MLSE Equalizers for MSK Optical Transmission Systems

    Nonlinear MLSE

    Trellis Structure and Viterbi Algorithm

    Optical Fiber as an FSM

    Uncertainties in Optical Signal Transmission

    Uncertainty in ASK Modulation Optical Receiver without Equalization

    Uncertainty in MSK Optical Receiver with Equalization

    Electronic Dispersion Compensation of Modulation Formats

    Concluding Remarks

    References

    DSP-Based Coherent Optical Transmission Systems

    Introduction

    Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Systems

    Carrier Phase Recovery

    112G QPSK Coherent Transmission Systems

    I–Q Imbalance Estimation Results

    Skew Estimation

    Fractionally Spaced Equalization of CD and PMD

    Linear, Nonlinear Equalization, and Back Propagation Compensation of Linear and Nonlinear Phase Distortion

    16QAM Systems

    Terabits/Second Superchannel Transmission Systems

    Overview

    Nyquist Pulse and Spectra

    Superchannel System Requirements

    System Structure

    Timing Recovery in Nyquist QAM Channel

    128 Gbps 16QAM Superchannel Transmission

    450 Gbps 32QAM Nyquist Transmission Systems

    DSP-Based Heterodyne Coherent Reception Systems

    Concluding Remarks

    References

    DSP Algorithms and Coherent Transmission Systems

    Introduction

    General Algorithms for Optical Communications Systems

    Equalization of DAC-Limited Bandwidth for Tbps Transmission

    Linear Equalization

    NLE or DFE

    Maximum A Posteriori Technique for Phase Estimation

    Method

    Estimates

    Carrier Phase Estimation

    Remarks

    Correction of Phase Noise and Nonlinear Effects

    Forward Phase Estimation QPSK Optical Coherent Receivers

    Carrier Recovery in Polarization Division Multiplexed Receivers: A Case Study

    Systems Performance of MLSE Equalizer-MSK Optical Transmission Systems

    MLSE Equalizer for Optical MSK Systems

    MLSE Scheme Performance

    Adaptive Joint CR and Turbo Decoding for Nyquist Terabit Optical Transmission in the Presence of Phase Noise

    Motivation

    Terabit Experiment Setup and Algorithm Principle

    References

    Optical Soliton Transmission System

    Introduction

    Fundamentals of Nonlinear Propagation Theory

    Numerical Approach

    Beam Propagation Method

    Analytical Approach—ISM

    Fundamental and Higher-Order Solitons

    Soliton Evolution for N = 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5

    Soliton Breakdown

    Interaction of Fundamental Solitons

    Two Solitons’ Interaction with Different Pulse Separation

    Two Solitons’ Interaction with Different Relative Amplitude

    Two Solitons’ Interaction under Different Relative Phases

    Triple Solitons’ Interaction under Different Relative Phases

    Triple Solitons’ Interaction with Different Relative Phases and r = 1.5

    Soliton Pulse Transmission Systems and ISM

    ISM Revisited

    ISM Solutions for Solitons

    N-Soliton Solution (Explicit Formula)

    Special Case A = N

    N-Soliton Solution (Asymptotic Form as τ→±∞)

    Bound States and Multiple Eigenvalues

    Interaction between Two Solitons in an Optical Fiber

    Soliton Pair with Initial Identical Phases

    Soliton Pair with Initial Equal Amplitudes

    Soliton Pair with Initial Unequal Amplitudes

    Design Strategy

    Generation of Bound Solitons

    Generation of Bound Solitons in Actively Phase Modulation Mode-Locked Fiber Ring Resonators

    Active Harmonic MLFL for Soliton Generation

    Concluding Remarks

    References

    Higher-Order Spectrum Coherent Receivers

    Bispectrum Optical Receivers and Nonlinear Photonic Preprocessing

    Introductory Remarks

    Bispectrum

    Bispectrum Coherent Optical Receiver

    Triple Correlation and Bispectra

    Transmission and Detection

    Nonlinear Photonic Signal Processing Using Higher-Order Spectra

    Introductory Remarks

    FWM and Photonic Processing for Higher-Order Spectra

    Third-Order Nonlinearity and Parametric FWM Process

    Optical Domain Implementation

    Transmission Models and Nonlinear Guided Wave Devices

    System Applications of Third-Order Parametric Nonlinearity in Optical Signal Processing

    Parametric Amplifiers

    Nonlinear Photonic Preprocessing in Coherent Reception Systems

    Concluding Remarks

    References

    Temporal Lens and Adaptive Electronic/Photonic Equalization

    Introduction

    Space–Time Duality and Equalization

    Space–Time Duality

    Equalization in Transmission System

    Simulation of Transmission and Equalization

    Single-Pulse Transmission

    Pulse Train Transmission

    Equalization of Timing Jitter and PMD

    Equalization in 160 Gbps Transmission System

    System Overview

    Simulation Model Overview

    Simulation Results

    Concluding Remarks

    References

    Comparison of Modulation Formats for Digital Optical Communications

    Identification of Modulation Features for Combating Impairment Effects

    Binary Digital Optical Signals

    M-ary Digital Optical Signals

    Multi-Subcarrier Digital Optical Signals

    Modulation Formats and Electronic Equalization

    Amplitude, Phase, and Frequency Modulation Formats in Dispersion-Compensating Span Transmission Systems

    ASK—DPSK and DPSK—DQPSK under Self-Homodyne Reception

    NRZ-ASK and NRZ-DPSK under Self-Homodyne Reception

    RZ-ASK and RZ-DPSK under Self-Homodyne Reception

    CSRZ-ASK and CSRZ-DPSK under Self-Homodyne Reception

    ASK and DPSK Spectra

    ASK and DPSK under Self-Homodyne Reception in Long-Haul Transmission

    Nonlinear Effects in ASK and DPSK under Self-Homodyne Reception in Long-Haul Transmission

    Performance of DWDM RZ-DPSK and CSRZ-DPSK

    Nonlinear Effects on CSRZ-DPSK and RZ-DPSK

    Nonlinear Effects on CSRZ-ASK and RZ-ASK

    Continuous Phase versus Discrete Phase Shift Keying under Self-Homodyne Reception

    Multi-Subcarrier versus Single/Dual Carrier Modulation under Self-Homodyne Reception

    Multilevel versus Binary or I–Q Modulation under Self-Homodyne Reception

    Single-Sideband and Partial Response Modulation under Self-Homodyne Reception

    100 G and Tbps Homodyne Reception Transmission Systems

    Generation of Multi-Subcarriers

    Nyquist Signal Generation Using DAC by Equalization in Frequency Domain

    Function Modules of a Nyquist-WDM System

    DSP Architecture

    Key Hardware Subsystems

    Non-DCF 1 Tbps and 2 Tbps Superchannel Transmission Performance

    Multicarrier Scheme Comparison

    Modulation Formats and All-Optical Networking

    Advanced Modulation Formats in Long-Haul Transmission Systems

    Advanced Modulation Formats in All-Optical Networks

    Hybrid 40 Gbps over 10 Gbps Optical Networks: 328 km SSMF + DCF for 320 km Tx—Impact of Adjacent 10 G/40 G Channels

    Ultra-Fast Optical Networks

    Concluding Remarks

    References

    Annex 1: Technical Data of Single-Mode Optical Fibers

    Annex 2: Coherent Balanced Receiver and Method for Noise Suppression

    Annex 3: RMS Definition and Power Measurement

    Annex 4: Power Budget

    Annex 5: Modeling of Digital Photonic Transmission Systems

    Index

    Biography

    Le Nguyen Binh is technical director of Huawei Technologies’ European Research Center, Munich, Germany. He holds a BE (Hons) and Ph.D from the University of Western Australia, Crawley. He has authored and co-authored more than 300 journal papers and eight books, in addition to several refereeing conferences. Previously, he was professorial fellow at Nanyang Technological University of Singapore; the Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Germany; and several Australian universities. He also served as Chair of Commission D (Electronics and Photonics) of the National Committee for Radio Sciences of the Australian Academy of Sciences (1995–2005).

    "This book is excellent and potentially can be used by many universities. … I have not seen that any books are better than this book in this topic."
    —John Xiupu Zhang, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

    "The main strengths of the book are that it is comprehensive, covers the material in depth, and is up-to-date, covering topics which, in many cases, are still being actively investigated by the research community. It provides explicit guidance on the computer simulation of optical communication systems and is very accessible, being well structured and clearly written."
    —Robert Killey, University College London