Integrated quantum hybrid devices, built from classical dielectric nanostructures and individual quantum systems, promise to provide a scalable platform to study and exploit the laws of quantum physics. On the one hand, there are novel applications, such as efficient computation, secure communication, and measurements with unreached accuracy. On the other, hybrid devices might serve to explore the limits of our understanding of the physical world, that is, the formalism of quantum mechanics. Thus, optical quantum hybrid systems got into the focus of many researchers worldwide.
This book gives a comprehensive yet lucid introduction to the exciting and fast-growing field of integrated quantum hybrid systems. It presents the theoretical and experimental fundamentals and then discusses several recent results and new proposals for future experiments. Illustrated throughout with excellent figures, the book also outlines the way for more complex devices to realize schemes to entangle distant quantum systems on-chip.
1. Introduction
Part I: Fundamentals of Quantum Optics
2. From the Classical to the Quantized Formulation
2.1 Charged Particles and Normal Modes
2.2 Classical Particle and Field Dynamics
2.2.1 Canonical Variables
2.2.2 Hamilton Equations
2.2.3 Coulomb Field
2.2.4 Space Related Variables
2.2.5 Radiation Related Variables
2.2.6 Maxwell Equations
2.2.7 Momentum Related Variables
2.2.8 Dipole Approximation
2.3 The Quantized Hamiltonian
3. Properties of the Quantized Electromagnetic Field
3.1 Field Observables
3.2 Fock States
3.3 Coherent States
3.4 Quasi Continuum and Density of States
4. Light-Matter Interaction
4.1 Second Order Perturbation Theory
4.1.1 Absorbtion
4.1.2 Emission
4.1.3 Photon Detection and Statistics
4.1.4 Excitation of Two Level Systems
4.1.5 Total Spontaneous Emission Rate
4.1.6 Steady State of the Two Level System
4.1.7 Dynamic Behavior of Two Level Systems
4.1.8 Photon Statistics and Two Level Systems
4.1.9 Three Level Systems
4.2 Coherent Interactions
4.2.1 Optical Bloch Equations
4.2.2 Analogy to Spins in Magnetic Fields
4.2.3 Steady State Solution
4.2.4 Rabi Oscillations
4.2.5 BlochVector
4.2.6 Undamped Rabi Oscillations with Detuning
4.2.7 StaticDecoherence
4.2.8 Measurement Induced Decoherence
4.2.9 The Quantum Zeno Effect
4.3. Three Level Systems
4.3.1 The Λ-System
4.3.2 Stimulated Raman Transition
4.4 Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics
4.4.1 Cavity Modes
4.4.2 Jaynes-Cummings Model
4.4.3 One Photon Bloch Equations
4.4.4 Vacuum Rabi Splitting
4.4.5 Vacuum Rabi Oscillations and Purcell Effect
Part II: Quantum Systems for Integration into Hybrid Devices
5. Quantum Dots
5.1 Quantum Dot Wavefunction and Level Structure
5.2 Experiments with Single Quantum Dots
5.2.1 Single Photon Source
5.2.2 Entangled Photon Source
5.2.3 Spin Qubit
6. Single Molecules
6.1 Fundamentals of Single Molecules
6.2 Experiments with Single Molecules
6.2.1 Room Temperature Single Photon Source
6.2.2 Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance
7. Color Centers in Diamond
7.1 Nanodiamond
7.2 Silicon-Vacancy Center in Diamond
7.3 Nitrogen-Vacancy Center in Diamond
7.3.1 Observation of Single Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers
7.3.2 Excited State Lifetime and Spectral Properties
7.4 Spectral Diffusion
7.4.1 Techniques for Measuring Spectral Diffusion
7.4.2 The Theory of Photon Correlation Inter- ferometry
7.4.3 Measurement of Spectral Diffusion by Photon Correlation
7.4.4 Results of Spectral Diffusion Measurements
7.5 Spin Physics of Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers
7.5.1 Orbitals and Triplet Levels
7.5.2 Singlet Levels and Spin State Detection
7.5.3 Optical Detection of Magnetic Resonances
7.5.4 Coherent Spin Manipulation
7.6 Simplified Model and Effect of Strain on Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers
7.7 Demonstration of the Quantum Zeno Effect
Part III: Optical Microstructures
8. Electrodynamics in Media
8.1 Maxwell’s Equations in Dielectric Media
8.2 Linear Isotropic Dielectrics
8.2.1 Electric Field per Photon
8.2.2 The Classical Wave Equation
8.3 Spontaneous Emission in Uniform Dielectrics
8.4 Electrodynamics as an Eigenvalue Problem
8.5 Symmetries in Dielectric Strucutures
8.5.1 Mirror Symmetries
8.5.2 Translation Symmetries
8.6 Total Internal Reflection
9. Immersion Microscopy
9.1 Liquid Immersion Microscopy
9.2 Solid Immersion Microscopy
10. Index Guiding Structures
10.1 Guided Modes in Infinite Dielectric Slabs
10.1.1 Symmetry Considerations
10.1.2 Mode Guiding
10.2 Strip Waveguides and Fibers
10.3 Whispering Gallery Modes in Disk Resonators
10.3.1 Fabrication of Disk Resonators
10.3.2 Measurement of the Mode Structure of Disk Resonators
11. Photonic Crystals
11.1 Introduction to Photonic Crystals
11.2 Photonic Crystal Slabs
11.2.1 Geometry and Band Structure
11.2.2 Fabrication
11.3 Photonic Crystal Waveguides
11.4 Photonic Crystal Cavities
11.4.1 L3 Cavity
11.4.2 Optimized L3 Cavity
11.4.3 Modulated Waveguide Cavities
11.5 Experiments with Photonic Crystal Cavities
11.5.1 Analysis by Intrinsic Fluorescence
11.5.2 Analysis by Polarization Properties
11.6 Tuning of Photonic Crystal Cavitites
12. Applications of Photonic Crystal Cavities
12.1 Narrow-Band Optical Filter
12.2 Refractive Index Measurement in Ultra Small Volumes
12.2.1 Experimental Method
12.2.2 Temperature Dependency of the Refractive Index of GaP
12.2.3 Influence of the Temperature on the Quality Factor
12.3 Thermo-Optical Switching
12.3.1 Theoretical Predictions
12.3.2 Experimental Implementation
Part IV: Coupling of Quantum System to Optical Microstructures
13. Weak Coupling Regime
13.1 Quantum Dots
13.2 Color Centers in Diamond
13.2.1 Top-Down Integration
13.2.2 Bottom-Up Integration
13.3 Applications of NV Centers in the Weak Coupling Regime
14. Strong Coupling
14.1 Strong Coupling Regime with Quantum Dots
14.2 Strong Coupling with NVs in Diamond
15. Cavity Enhanced Entanglement
15.1 Probabilistic Entanglement
15.1.1 A Heralded High Fidelity Entanglement Scheme
15.1.2 Heralded Entanglement with NV Centers
15.2 Deterministic Entanglement
15.2.1 The Model System
15.2.2 Effective Hamiltonian Approach
15.2.3 Lindblad Approach
15.2.4 Influence of the Detunings and Spectral Diffusion
15.2.5 Inuence of Q-factor and Cavity Coupling
16. Conclusions and Outlook
16.1 Summary and Conclusions
16.2 Outlook
Acknowledgments
Own Contributions
Bibliography
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Abbreviations
Index
Biography
Janik Wolters studied physics at Technische Universität zu Berlin, Germany, and Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain. He worked in the Quantum Optics Group at Institut d’Optique, Paris, France, and in the Nano-Optics Group at Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany, with an Elsa-Neumann Scholarship of the state of Berlin. His prize-winning research comprises theoretical solid state physics, photonic crystals, quantum optics, single emitters, nanomanipulation techniques, and quantum hybrid systems.