Organic LEDs (OLEDs) in mobile displays have been in large-scale production for over a decade, and OLED-based televisions are rapidly gaining traction in the marketplace. OLEDs are on the verge of entering the solid-state lighting market in a big way. The OLED technology gives higher color purity and is more efficient than any of the competing technologies. When produced at scale, OLEDs are also economical. A key limitation in the development of OLEDs was the efficient conversion of all of the electrical energy put into the device into light. Until the late 1990s, the maximum efficiency of OLEDs was limited to 25% (photons/electrons), but this limitation was removed and OLEDs with 100% efficiency were reported in the early 2000s. This advance in OLED technology was driven by the author of this book. He and his collaborators developed electrophosphorescence, which is essential in reaching the 100% efficiency that is now commonplace in commercial devices.
1. Highly Efficient Phosphorescent Emission from Organic Electroluminescent Devices
Marc A. Baldo, D. F. O’Brien, Y. You, A. Shoustikov, Scott Sibley, Mark E. Thompson, and Stephen R. Forrest
2. Improved Energy Transfer in Electrophosphorescent Devices
D. F. O’Brien, Marc A. Baldo, Mark E. Thompson, and Stephen R. Forrest
3. Efficient, Saturated Red Organic Light Emitting Devices Based on Phosphorescent Platinum(II) Porphyrins
Raymond C. Kwong, Scott Sibley, Timur Dubovoy, Marc Baldo, Stephen R. Forrest, and Mark E. Thompson
4. Excitonic Singlet-Triplet Ratio in a Semiconducting Organic Thin Film
Marc A. Baldo, D. F. O’Brien, Mark E. Thompson, and Stephen R. Forrest
5. Very High-Efficiency Green Organic Light-Emitting Devices Based on Electrophosphorescence
Marc A. Baldo, Sergey Lamansky, Paul E. Burrows, Mark E. Thompson, and Stephen R. Forrest
6. Organic Light-Emitting Devices Based on Phosphorescent Hosts and Dyes
Raymond C. Kwong, Sergey Lamansky, and Mark E. Thompson
7. High-Efficiency Organic Electrophosphorescent Devices with tris(2-Phenylpyridine)Iridium Doped into Electron-Transporting Materials
Chihaya Adachi, Marc A. Baldo, Stephen R. Forrest, and Mark E. Thompson
8. High-Efficiency Fluorescent Organic Light-Emitting Devices Using a Phosphorescent Sensitizer
Marc A. Baldo, Mark E. Thompson, and Stephen R. Forrest
9. Nearly 100% Internal Phosphorescence Efficiency in an Organic Light Emitting Device
Chihaya Adachi, Marc A. Baldo, Mark E. Thompson, and Stephen R. Forrest
10. Endothermic Energy Transfer: A Mechanism for Generating
Very Efficient High-Energy Phosphorescent Emission in Organic Materials
Chihaya Adachi, Raymond C. Kwong, Peter Djurovich, Vadim Adamovich, Marc A. Baldo, Mark E. Thompson, and Stephen R. Forrest
11. High-Efficiency Yellow Double-Doped Organic Light-Emitting Devices Based on Phosphor-Sensitized Fluorescence
Brian W. D’Andrade, Marc A. Baldo, Chihaya Adachi, Jason Brooks, Mark E. Thompson, and Stephen R. Forrest
12. High-Efficiency Red Electrophosphorescence Devices
Chihaya Adachi, Marc A. Baldo, Stephen R. Forrest, Sergey Lamansky, Mark E. Thompson, and Raymond C. Kwong
13. Highly Phosphorescent Bis-Cyclometalated Iridium Complexes: Synthesis, Photophysical Characterization, and Use in Organic Light Emitting Diodes
Sergey Lamansky, Peter Djurovich, Drew Murphy, Feras Abdel-Razzaq, Hae-Eun Lee, Chihaya Adachi, Paul E. Burrows, Stephen R. Forrest, and Mark E. Thompson
14. Synthesis and Characterization of Phosphorescent Cyclometalated Iridium Complexes
Sergey Lamansky, Peter Djurovich, Drew Murphy, Feras Abdel-Razzaq, Raymond Kwong, Irina Tsyba, Manfred Bortz, Becky Mui, Robert Bau, and Mark E. Thompson
15. Synthesis and Characterization of Phosphorescent Cyclometalated Platinum Complexes
Jason Brooks, Yelizaveta Babayan, Sergey Lamansky, Peter I. Djurovich, Irina Tsyba, Robert Bau, and Mark E. Thompson
16. White Light Emission Using Triplet Excimers in Electrophosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Devices
Brian W. D’Andrade, Jason Brooks, Vadim Adamovich, Mark E. Thompson, and Stephen R. Forrest
17. Electrophosphorescent p–i–n Organic Light-Emitting Devices for Very-High-Efficiency Flat-Panel Displays
Martin Pfeiffer, Stephen R. Forrest, Karl Leo, and Mark E. Thompson
18. Cyclometalated Ir Complexes in Polymer Organic Light-Emitting Devices
Sergey Lamansky, Peter I. Djurovich, Feras Abdel-Razzaq, Simona Garon, Drew L. Murphy, and Mark E. Thompson
19. High Efficiency Single Dopant White Electrophosphorescent Light Emitting Diodes
Vadim Adamovich, Jason Brooks, Arnold Tamayo, Alex M. Alexander, Peter I. Djurovich, Brian W. D’Andrade, Chihaya Adachi, Stephen R. Forrest, and Mark E. Thompson
20. High Operational Stability of Electrophosphorescent Devices
Raymond C. Kwong, Matthew R. Nugent, Lech Michalski, Tan Ngo, Kamala Rajan, Yeh-Jiun Tung, Michael S. Weaver, Theodore X. Zhou, Michael Hack, Mark E. Thompson, Stephen R. Forrest, and Julie J. Brown
21. Controlling Exciton Diffusion in Multilayer White Phosphorescent Organic Light Emitting Devices
Brian W. D’Andrade, Mark E. Thompson, and Stephen R. Forrest
22. Blue Organic Electrophosphorescence Using Exothermic Host–Guest Energy Transfer
Russell J. Holmes, Stephen R. Forrest, Yeh-Jiun Tung, Raymond C. Kwong, Julie J. Brown, Simona Garon, and Mark E. Thompson
23. Efficient, Deep-Blue Organic Electrophosphorescence by Guest Charge Trapping
Russell J. Holmes, Brian W. D’Andrade, Stephen R. Forrest, Xiaofan Ren, Jian Li, and Mark E. Thompson
24. Synthesis and Characterization of Facial and Meridional Tris-cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes
Arnold B. Tamayo, Bert D. Alleyne, Peter I. Djurovich, Sergey Lamansky, Irina Tsyba, Nam N. Ho, Robert Bau, and Mark E. Thompson
25. Phosphorescence Quenching by Conjugated Polymers
Madhusoodhanan Sudhakar, Peter I. Djurovich, Thieo E. Hogen-Esch, and Mark E. Thompson
26. Simultaneous Light Emission from a Mixture of Dendrimer Encapsulated Chromophores: A Model for Single-Layer Multichromophoric Organic Light-Emitting Diodes
Paul Furuta, Jason Brooks, Mark E. Thompson, and Jean M. J. Fréchet
27. Ultrahigh Energy Gap Hosts in Deep Blue Organic Electrophosphorescent Devices
Xiaofan Ren, Jian Li, Russell J. Holmes, Peter I. Djurovich, Stephen R. Forrest, and Mark E. Thompson
28. Saturated Deep Blue Organic Electrophosphorescence Using a Fluorine-Free Emitter
Russell J. Holmes, Stephen R. Forrest, Tissa Sajoto, Arnold Tamayo, Peter I. Djurovich, Mark E. Thompson, Jason Brooks, Yeh-Jiun Tung, Brian W. D’Andrade, Michael S. Weaver, Raymond C. Kwong, and Julie J. Brown
29. Excimer and Electron Transfer Quenching Studies of a Cyclometalated Platinum Complex
Biwu Ma, Peter I. Djurovich, and Mark E. Thompson
30. Synthetic Control of Excited-State Properties in Cyclometalated Ir(III) Complexes Using Ancillary Ligands
Jian Li, Peter I. Djurovich, Bert D. Alleyne, Muhammed Yousufuddin, Nam N. Ho, J. Christopher Thomas, Jonas C. Peters, Robert Bau, and Mark E. Thompson
31. Cationic Bis-cyclometalated Iridium(III) Diimine Complexes and Their Use in Efficient Blue, Green, and Red Electroluminescent Devices
Arnold B. Tamayo, Simona Garon, Tissa Sajoto, Peter I. Djurovich, Irina M. Tsyba, Robert Bau, and Mark E. Thompson
32. Blue and Near-UV Phosphorescence from Iridium Complexes with Cyclometalated Pyrazolyl or N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands
Tissa Sajoto, Peter I. Djurovich, Arnold Tamayo, Muhammed Yousufuddin, Robert Bau, Mark E. Thompson, Russell J. Holmes, and Stephen R. Forrest
33. Synthetic Control of Pt··· Pt Separation and Photophysics of Binuclear Platinum Complexes
Biwu Ma, Jian Li, Peter I. Djurovich, Muhammed Yousufuddin, Robert Bau, and Mark E. Thompson
34. Platinum Binuclear Complexes as Phosphorescent Dopants for Monochromatic and White Organic Light-Emitting
Diodes
Biwu Ma, Peter I. Djurovich, Simona Garon, Bert Alleyne, and Mark E. Thompson
35. Management of Singlet and Triplet Excitons for Efficient White Organic Light-Emitting Devices
Yiru Sun, Noel C. Giebink, Hiroshi Kanno, Biwu Ma, Mark E. Thompson, and Stephen R. Forrest
36. Highly Efficient, Near-Infrared Electrophosphorescence from a Pt–Metalloporphyrin Complex
Carsten Borek, Kenneth Hanson, Peter I. Djurovich, Mark E. Thompson, Kristen Aznavour, Robert Bau, Yiru Sun, Stephen R. Forrest, Jason Brooks, Lech Michalski, and Julie Brown
37. Intrinsic Luminance Loss in Phosphorescent Small-Molecule Organic Light Emitting Devices due to Bimolecular Annihilation Reactions
Noel C. Giebink, Brian W. D’Andrade, Michael S. Weaver, P. B. Mackenzie, Julie J. Brown, Mark E. Thompson, and Stephen R. Forrest
38. Blue Light Emitting Ir(III) Compounds for OLEDs: New Insights into Ancillary Ligand Effects on the Emitting Triplet State
Andreas F. Rausch, Mark E. Thompson, and Hartmut Yersin
39. Temperature Dependence of Blue Phosphorescent Cyclometalated Ir(III) Complexes
Tissa Sajoto, Peter I. Djurovich, Arnold B. Tamayo, Jonas Oxgaard, William A. Goddard III, and
Mark E. Thompson
40. Study of Energy Transfer and Triplet Exciton Diffusion in Hole-Transporting Host Materials
Chao Wu, Peter I. Djurovich, and Mark E. Thompson
41. Synthesis and Characterization of Phosphorescent Three-Coordinate Cu(I)–NHC Complexes
Valentina A. Krylova, Peter I. Djurovich, Matthew T. Whited, and Mark E. Thompson
42. A Codeposition Route to CuI–Pyridine Coordination Complexes for Organic Light-Emitting Diodes
Zhiwei Liu, Munzarin F. Qayyum, Chao Wu, Matthew T. Whited, Peter I. Djurovich, Keith O. Hodgson, Britt Hedman, Edward I. Solomon, and Mark E. Thompson
43. Structural and Photophysical Studies of Phosphorescent Three-Coordinate Copper(I) Complexes Supported by an N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligand
Valentina A. Krylova, Peter I. Djurovich, Jacob W. Aronson, Ralf Haiges, Matthew T. Whited, and Mark E. Thompson
44. Phosphorescence versus Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence: Controlling Singlet–Triplet Splitting in Brightly Emitting and Sublimable Cu(I) Compounds
Markus J. Leitl, Valentina A. Krylova, Peter I. Djurovich, Mark E. Thompson, and Hartmut Yersin
45. Control of Emission Colour with N-Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) Ligands in Phosphorescent Three-Coordinate Cu(I) Complexes
Valentina A. Krylova, Peter I. Djurovich, Brian L. Conley, Ralf Haiges, Matthew T. Whited, Travis J. Williams, and Mark E. Thompson
46. Synthesis and Characterization of Phosphorescent Platinum and Iridium Complexes with Cyclometalated Corannulene
John W. Facendola, Martin Seifrid, Jay Siegel, Peter I. Djurovich, and Mark E. Thompson
47. Understanding and Predicting the Orientation of Heteroleptic Phosphors in Organic Light-Emitting Materials
Matthew J. Jurow, Christian Mayr, Tobias D. Schmidt, Thomas Lampe, Peter I. Djurovich, Wolfgang Brütting, and Mark E. Thompson
48. Deep Blue Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diodes with Very High Brightness and Efficiency
Jaesang Lee, Hsiao-Fan Chen, Thilini Batagoda, Caleb Coburn, Peter I. Djurovich, Mark E. Thompson, and Stephen R. Forrest
49. Hot Excited State Management for Long-Lived Blue Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diodes
Jaesang Lee, Changyeong Jeong, Thilini Batagoda, Caleb Coburn, Mark E. Thompson, and Stephen R. Forrest
50. Eliminating Nonradiative Decay in Cu(I) Emitters: > 99% Quantum Efficiency and Microsecond Lifetime
Rasha Hamze, Jesse L. Peltier, Daniel Sylvinson, Moonchul Jung, Jose Cardenas, Ralf Haiges, Michele Soleilhavoup, Rodolphe Jazzar, Peter I. Djurovich, Guy Bertrand, and Mark E. Thompson
51. Rapid Multiscale Computational Screening for OLED Host Materials
Daniel Sylvinson M. R., Hsiao-Fan Chen, Lauren M. Martin, Patrick J. G. Saris, and Mark E. Thompson
52. “Quick-Silver” from a Systematic Study of Highly Luminescent, Two-Coordinate, d10 Coinage Metal Complexes
Rasha Hamze, Shuyang Shi, Savannah C. Kapper, Daniel Sylvinson Muthiah Ravinson, Laura Estergreen, Moon-Chul Jung, Abegail C. Tadle, Ralf Haiges, Peter I. Djurovich, Jesse L. Peltier, Rodolphe Jazzar, Guy Bertrand, Stephen E. Bradforth, and Mark E. Thompson
53. Highly Efficient Photo- and Electroluminescence from Two-Coordinate Cu(I) Complexes Featuring Nonconventional N-Heterocyclic Carbenes
Shuyang Shi, Moon Chul Jung, Caleb Coburn, Abegail Tadle, Daniel Sylvinson M. R., Peter I. Djurovich, Stephen R. Forrest, and Mark E. Thompson
54. Platinum-Functionalized Random Copolymers for Use in Solution-Processible, Efficient, Near-White Organic Light-Emitting Diodes
Paul T. Furuta, Lan Deng, Simona Garon, Mark E. Thompson, and Jean M. J. Fréchet
Biography
Mark E. Thompson received his BS in chemistry in 1980 from the University of California, Berkeley, and his PhD in chemistry in 1985 from the California Institute of Technology. He was a postdoctoral fellow at Oxford University and is currently the Ray R. Irani Chair of Chemistry at the University of Southern California. His research involves the study of materials and devices for electroluminescence, photovoltaics and solar cells, chemical/biological sensing, and catalysis. Prof. Thompson is the author of approximately 400 papers in refereed professional journals and holds more than 250 patents primarily in the areas of optoelectronic applications, such as light-emitting devices and solar cells.
