The pace and sophistication of advances in medicine in the past two decades have been truly breathtaking. This has necessitated a growing need for comprehensive references that highlight the current issues in specific sectors of medicine. Keeping this in mind, each volume in the Current Issues in Medicine series is a stand‐alone text that provides a broad survey of various critical topics in a focused area of medicine—all accomplished in a user-friendly yet interconnected format. However, unlike other series on medicine or medical texts, this series focuses on current trends, perspectives, and issues in medicine that are central to healthcare delivery in the 21st century. Medical practitioners today continue to improve upon techniques and technologies to provide procedures for patients that are safer, faster, less invasive, and more accurate —a direct consequence of advances in technological breakthroughs from a variety of medical and engineering fields. In order to render modern patient care, it is imperative that surgeons and medical practitioners stay current with these latest advances in their respective specialties. Given this backdrop, the specific topics covered in this volume and the expertise of the contributing authors accurately reflect the rapidly evolving areas within surgical and medical specialties. While recognising how expansive and multifaceted medicine is, Advances in Surgical and Medical Specialties addresses crucial recent advances in surgical and medical specialties, intergrating the knowledge and experience of experts from academia and practicing surgeons. The multidisciplinary approach reflected here makes this volume a valuable reference resource for medical practictioners, medical students, nurses, fellows, residents, undergraduate and graduate students, educators, venture capitalists, policymakers, and biomedical researchers. A wide audience will benefit from having this volume on their bookshelf: health care systems, the pharmaceutical industry, academia, and government.
Corresponding Authors
Note from the Series Editor
1. Surgical and Medical Specialties: A Journey in Pictures
Raj Bawa, PhD, MD
2. Lymph Nodes—The Neglected Battlefield in Tuberculosis
Sharie Keanne C. Ganchua, PhD, Alexander G. White, PhD, Edwin C. Klein, PhD,
and JoAnne L. Flynn, PhD
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Concluding Remarks
2.3 Methods
3. Chronic Kidney Disease in the United States, 2021
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3.1 CKD Is Common Among US Adults
3.2 CKD by Age, Sex, and Race/Ethnicity
3.3 CKD Risk Factors
3.4 Ways to Prevent CKD
3.5 Treatment to Lower Blood Pressure
3.6 Testing and Treatment: Find It Early, Treat It Early
3.7 CKD Related Health Problems
3.8 People with CKD Can Lower Their Risk for Kidney Failure
4. Combatting Sepsis: A Public Health Perspective
Raymund B. Dantes, MD, and Lauren Epstein, MD
4.1 National Trends in Sepsis Burden
4.2 Comprehensive Sepsis Prevention Framework
4.3 Building Partnerships and Increasing Awareness
4.4 Future Public Health Opportunities and Challenges
5. Hypertension and Atrial Fibrillation: Closing a Virtuous Circle
Ying X. Gue, PhD, and Gregory Y. H. Lip, MD
6. Cardiovascular Events after Community-Acquired Pneumonia:
A Global Perspective with Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of
Observational Studies
António Tralhão, MD, and Pedro Póvoa, PhD
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Materials and Methods
6.3 Results
6.4 Discussion
6.5 Future Directions
7. Risk Factors for Recurrent Arterial Ischemic Stroke in Children and
Young Adults
Beata Sarecka-Hujar, PhD, DSc, and Ilona Kopyta, PhD, DSc
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Review Methodology
7.3 Prevalence of AIS Recurrence
7.4 Risk Factors for Recurrent AIS in a Pediatric Population
7.5 Risk Factors for Recurrent AIS in Young Adults
7.6 Secondary Prevention of AIS
7.7 Conclusions
8. Cellular Mechanisms of Human Atherogenesis: Focus on Chronification
of Inflammation and Mitochondrial Mutations
Alexander M. Markin, PhD, Igor A. Sobenin, MD, PhD, Andrey V. Grechko, PhD,
Dongwei Zhang, PhD, and Alexander N. Orekhov, PhD
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Cellular Mechanisms of Atherogenesis
8.3 Variants of the Nuclear Genome Associated with Atherosclerosis
8.4 Variants of Mitochondrial Genome Associated with
Atherosclerosis
8.5 Role of Mitochondrial Mutations in Cellular Mechanism of
Atherosclerosis; Chronification of Inflammation
8.6 Conclusions
9. The Microbiota of the Human Gut and Cardiometabolic Health
Angelos K. Sikalidis, PhD, Adeline Maykish, and Aleksandra S. Kristo, PhD
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The Microbiome
9.3 Major Metabolic Contributors to Microbiome Profile Identity
9.4 Dysbiosis and the Development of T2DM
9.5 Gut Microbiota and CVD
9.6 Concluding Remarks
10. Pharmaceutical Strategies for Reducing LDL-C and Risk of
Cardiovascular Disease
Alberico L. Catapano, PhD, Lale Tokgözoğlu, MD, Alberto Mello e Silva, MD,
and Eric Bruckert, MD
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The Importance of Potency in Statin Monotherapy
10.3 Alternative Strategies to Achieve LDL-C Goal
10.4 PCSK9, a New Therapeutic Target
10.5 Conclusion
11. Atherogenic Markers in Predicting Cardiovascular Risk and Targeting
Residual Cardiovascular Risk
Alberico L. Catapano, PhD, Lale Tokgözoğlu, MD, Alberto Mello e Silva, MD,
and Eric Bruckert, MD
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Markers of Atherogenic Risk
11.3 Residual Cardiovascular Risk
11.4 Conclusions
12. The Continuous Quest for More Effective and Safer
Thromboprophylaxis Protocols
Mario Ganau, MD, PhD, MBA, Sibel E. Huet, MD, Marco Meloni, MD,
Salvatore Chibbaro, MD, PhD, and Nikolaos Syrmos, MD, PhD
12.1 Thrombosis: A Preventable Healthcare Burden
12.2 Implementation Strategies and Risk Stratification
12.3 Prophylaxis Options with Comparison of Their Efficacy and Risks
12.4 Screening Methods and Secondary Prophylaxis
12.5 New Horizons: Emerging Prophylaxis Methods, Screening
Strategies and Treatment Policies
12.6 Conclusion
13. Wound Healing: Cellular Mechanisms and Pathological Outcomes
Holly N. Wilkinson, PhD, and Matthew J. Hardman, PhD
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Cellular Aspects of Acute Wound Repair
13.3 When Healing Fails—Factors Influencing Chronic Wound
Healing
13.4 Translational Techniques to Enhance Clinical Understanding of
Wounds
13.5 Current Therapies and Future Opportunities
13.6 Conclusions
14. Advances in Cervical Cancer Prevention: Efficacy, Effectiveness,
Elimination?
Karin Sundström, MD, PhD, and K. Miriam Elfström, PhD
14.1 Evolution of Human Papilloma Virus Vaccination
14.2 Prospects for Cervical Cancer Elimination
14.3 Opportunities and Challenges Posed by Resource Levels
14.4 Cervical Screening in the Presence of HPV Vaccination
14.5 Future Perspectives
15. Molecular Classification of Breast Cancer: A Retrospective Cohort
Study
Fatma Khinaifis Al-thoubaity, MD
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Materials and Methods
15.3 Results
15.4 Discussion
15.5 Conclusion
16. Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: From Biology to Therapy
Roberto Corchado-Cobos, MSc, Natalia García-Sancha, MSc,
Rogelio González-Sarmiento, MD, PhD, Jesús Pérez-Losada, MD, PhD,
and Javier Cañueto, MD, PhD
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Molecular Basis of CSCC
16.3 Treatment of CSCC
16.4 Pharmacologically Induced Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma
16.5 Conclusions
17. Brain and Testis: More Alike Than Previously Thought?
Bárbara Matos, MSc, Stephen J. Publicover, PhD, Luis Filipe C. Castro, PhD,
Pedro J. Esteves, PhD, and Margarida Fardilha
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Brain and Testis
17.3 Neuron and Sperm
17.4 Concluding Remarks
18. Myomatous Erythrocytosis Syndrome: A Case Series
Glaiza S. de Guzman, MD, and Eileen M. Manalo, MD, MSc
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Results
18.3 Discussion
18.4 Conclusions
19. Vascular Involvements in Cholangiocarcinoma: Tips and Tricks
Roberta Angelico, Bruno Sensi, Alessandro Parente, Leandro Siragusa, et al.
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Materials and Methods
19.3 Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma with Vascular Involvement
19.4 Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma with Vascular Involvement
19.5 Conclusions
20. Rehabilitation for People Living with Dementia: A Practical
Framework of Positive Support
Linda Clare, PhD, ScD
20.1 Why Is Rehabilitation Relevant?
20.2 How Can Cognitive Rehabilitation Benefit People with Dementia
and Carers?
20.3 Where Do Other Nonpharmacological Interventions Fit In?
20.4 How Could Services Adopt a Rehabilitation Model?
20.5 Why Should We Acknowledge the Right to Rehabilitation?
21. Are Dementia with Lewy Bodies and Parkinson’s Disease Dementia
the Same Disease?
Kurt A. Jellinger, MD, PhD, and Amos D. Korczyn, MD, PhD
21.1 Background
21.2 Conclusions
21.3 Future Perspectives
22. Regenerative Medicine: Could Parkinson’s Be the First
Neurodegenerative Disease to Be Cured?
Mariacruz L. Díaz, DVM, MSc, PhD
22.1 Multiplication and Differentiation of NSCs
22.2 Production, Transplantation and Characterization of Precursor
DOP Aminergic Neurons
22.3 Rejection of Transplanted Cells
22.4 From Bench to Bed
22.5 Future Perspective
23. Changes in the Functional Brain Network of Children Undergoing
Repeated Epilepsy Surgery: An EEG Source Connectivity Study
Giulia Iandolo, MS, Nitish Chourasia, MD, Georgios Ntolkeras, MD,
Joseph R. Madsen, MD, et al.
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Materials and Methods
23.3 Results
23.4 Discussion
23.5 Conclusions
24. Blood–Brain Barrier Disruption in Atrial Fibrillation: A Potential
Contributor to the Increased Risk of Dementia and Worsening of
Stroke Outcomes
Ritambhara Aryal and Adjanie Patabendige, PhD
24.1 Introduction
24.2 The Structure and Function of the Blood–Brain Barrier
24.3 Mechanisms of Blood–Brain Barrier Disruption
24.4 Effects of Altered Cerebral Blood Flow on the Blood–Brain
Barrier
24.5 Disrupted Peripheral and Cerebral Blood Flow in Atrial
Fibrillation
24.6 What Are the Underlying Mechanisms that Increase the Risk
of Stroke and Dementia in Atrial Fibrillation?
24.7 Concluding Remarks
25. Trauma-Induced Coagulopathy: From Pathophysiology to
Outcomes—Overview of an Emerging Medical Problem
Gabriele Savioli, MD, PhD
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Definition
25.3 Pathophysiology
25.4 Specials Clinical Forms of TIC
25.5 Diagnosis
25.6 Outcomes
25.7 Hints for Therapy
25.8 Management of Patients with Severe Trauma in an ER
26. Advances in Fractures and Dislocations of the Hip Joint
Thomas Pepper, MD, Philip Ahrens, MD, and M. Zahid Saeed, MD
26.1 Hip Fractures
26.2 Traumatic Dislocations of the Hip Joint
27. Predicting Scoliosis Progression: A Challenge for Researchers and
Clinicians
Sabrina Donzelli, MD, Fabio Zaina, MD, and Stefano Negrini, PhD
28. Prosthetic and Mechanical Parameters of the Facial Bone under the
Load of Different Dental Implant Shapes: A Parametric Study
Marco Cicciù, DDS, MSc, PhD, Gabriele Cervino, DDS, MSc, PhD,
Antonella Terranova, DDS, MSc, Giacomo Risitano, PhD, et al.
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Results
28.3 Discussion
28.4 Materials and Methods
28.5 Conclusions
29. Circulating Arsenic Is Associated with Long-Term Risk of Graft Failure
in Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Prospective Cohort Study
Camilo G. Sotomayor, MD, Dion Groothof, Joppe J. Vodegel, MD,
Tomás A. Gacitúa, MD, et al.
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Methods
29.3 Results
29.4 Discussion
29.5 Conclusions
30. Successful Aging and Chronic Osteoarthritis
Ray Marks, EdD
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Methods
30.3 Results
30.4 Discussion
30.5 Conclusions
30.6 Future Research and Practical Challenges
31. Radiographic Analysis on the Distortion of the Anatomy of First
Metatarsal Head in Dorsoplantar Projection
Jessica Grande-del-Arco, PhD, Ricardo Becerro-de-Bengoa-Vallejo, MD, PhD,
Eva María Martínez-Jiménez, PhD, Israel Casado-Hernández, PhD,
Daniel López-López, DP, PhD, and Marta Losa-Iglesias, RN, PhD
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Material and Methods
31.3 Results
31.4 Discussion
31.5 Conclusions
32. Clinical Aspects and Current Therapeutic Approaches for Fibrodysplasia
Ossificans Progressiva
Hiroshi Kitoh, MD, PhD
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Epidemiology
32.3 Pathophysiology
32.4 Natural Clinical Course
32.5 Skeletal Malformations
32.6 Managements and Treatments
32.7 On-Going Clinical Trials for FOP
32.8 Conclusions
33. Comparison and Lessons Learned from Neglected Tropical Diseases
and Tuberculosis
Alice Wang, PhD, Adam MacNeil, MPH, PhD, and Susan Maloney, MD, MHSc
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Underlying Burden of Disease
33.3 Influence of Poverty and Development
33.4 Neglect
33.5 Conclusions
34. Current Issues in Antibiotic Antimicrobial Resistance
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
34.1 About Antibiotic Resistance
34.2 Antibiotic Resistance Threatens Everyone
34.3 Brief History of Resistance and Antibiotics
34.4 Fighting Antibiotic Resistance
34.5 Antibiotic Resistance: 5 Things to Know
34.6 Antibiotic-Resistant Infections Threaten Modern Medicine
34.7 Examples of How Antibiotic Resistance Affects Humans, Animals
and the Environment
34.8 How Antibiotic Resistance Moves Directly Germ to Germ
34.9 Protect People and Animals, Combat Antibiotic Resistance:
Actions for Livestock and Poultry Producers
35. Ending AIDS as a Public Health Threat by 2030: Time to Reset Targets
for 2025
Paul R. De Lay, MD, Adèle Benzaken, MD, Quarraisha Abdool Karim, PhD,
Sani Aliyu, MD, et al.
35.1 Introduction
35.2 The Process and Structures
35.3 Addressing the Key Challenges, Concerns, and Priorities
35.4 Conclusions
36. 9 Questions to Help Make Sense of Health Research
National Institutes of Health
37. Transdisciplinary Research and Clinical Priorities for Better Health
Luigi Fontana, MD, PhD, Alessio Fasano, MD, Yap Seng Chong, MD,
Paolo Vineis, PhD, and Walter C. Willett, MD, Dr PH
37.1 Lifestyle and Prevention of Chronic Diseases
37.2 Intergenerational and Life Course Consequences of
Preconception and in utero Health
37.3 Ecological Footprint of Modern Medical Systems
37.4 Intensive Animal Farming and Pollution
37.5 Benefits of Investing in Preventive Science, Education,
and Medicine
37.6 Conclusions and Future Directions
38. Current Issues about Health News Stories
National Institutes of Health
38.1 When Clinical Research is in the News
38.2 Health Approaches in the News
38.3 Information Missing from Health Stories
38.4 What’s Missing: Important Details!
38.5 What’s Missing: Information on Side Effects!
38.6 What’s Missing: The Full Story!
38.7 What’s Missing: Humans!
38.8 Conflicting Health News
38.9 Accuracy in the Media
38.10 What the Media Says about Complementary Health Approaches
38.11 Is It Real Online News? Or Just Advertising?
38.12 Checklist for Understanding Health News Stories
38.13 Remember…
38.14 Supplementary Information
39. Complementary, Alternative, or Integrative Health: What’s in
a Name?
National Institutes of Health
39.1 Complementary versus Alternative
39.2 Integrative Health
39.3 Complementary Health Approaches
40. Current Issues in Complementary and Integrative Health
National Institutes of Health
40.1 4 Things to Know about Dietary Supplements for Eye Conditions
40.2 5 Things to Know about Omega-3s for Heart Disease
40.3 6 Tips: How Herbs Can Interact with Medicines
40.4 7 Tips: What You Need to Know about Natural Products for
Musculoskeletal Inflammation
40.5 6 Things You Should Know: The Science of Chronic Pain and
Complementary Health Practices
40.6 4 Tips: Mind and Body Practices for Common Aging-Related
Conditions
40.7 6 Things You Need to Know about Cancer and Complementary
Health Approaches
40.8 5 Things to Know about Complementary Health Practices for
Cognitive Function, Dementia, and Alzheimer’s Disease
40.9 4 Tips: Asthma and Complementary Health Practices
40.10 10 Things to Know about the Science of Health
40.11 5 Things to Know about Relaxation Techniques for Stress
40.12 7 Things to Know about Complementary Approaches for
Fibromyalgia
40.13 5 Tips: Natural Products for the Flu and Colds: What Does the
Science Say?
40.14 5 Things You Should Know about Yoga
40.15 5 Things to Know about Chronic Low-Back Pain and
Complementary Health Practices
40.16 4 Things to Know about Spinal Manipulation for Low-Back Pain
40.17 7 Things to Know about Complementary Health Approaches for
Autism Spectrum Disorder
40.18 4 Tips: Start Talking with Your Health Care Providers about
Complementary Health Approaches
40.19 7 Things to Know about Omega-3 Fatty Acids
40.20 5 Tips: Natural Products Used for Common Aging-Related
Conditions
40.21 6 Things You Should Know about Dietary Supplements for
Osteoarthritis
40.22 7 Tips: Know the Facts about Supplements Marketed for Weight
Loss
40.23 5 Things to Know about Sleep Disorders and Complementary
Health Approaches
40.24 6 Things to Know about Complementary Health Approaches for
Seasonal Affective Disorder
40.25 5 Tips: What Consumers Need to Know about Dietary Supplements
40.26 5 Things to Know about St. John’s Wort and Depression
40.27 6 Things to Know about Massage Therapy for Health Purposes
40.28 7 Things to Know about Complementary Health Approaches for
ADHD
40.29 6 Things to Know about Type 2 Diabetes and Dietary Supplements
40.30 5 Tips: What You Should Know about Complementary Health
Approaches for BPH
40.31 8 Things to Know about Mind and Body Approaches for Health
Problems Facing Military Personnel and Veterans
40.32 5 Tips: What You Should Know about Tai Chi for Health
40.33 6 Things to Know about Complementary Health Approaches for
Seasonal Allergy Relief
40.34 7 Tips: What You Should Know about Complementary Health
Approaches for Multiple Sclerosis
40.35 7 Things to Know about Complementary Health Approaches for
Anxiety
40.36 6 Tips: What You Need to Know about Complementary Health
Approaches for Skin Conditions
40.37 5 Things to Know about Complementary Health Approaches for
Parkinson’s Disease
40.38 5 Myths about Popular Natural Products Marketed for Disease
Prevention and Wellness
40.39 7 Things to Know about Mind and Body Practices for Children
and Teens
40.40 6 Things to Know about Travel-Related Ailments and
Complementary Health Approaches
40.41 6 Tips: IBS and Complementary Health Practices
40.42 5 Things You Should Know about Dietary Supplements for
Hepatitis C
40.43 5 Things to Know about Probiotics
40.44 5 Things to Know about Mind and Body Approaches for
Substance Use Disorders
40.45 4 Things to Know about Menopausal Symptoms and
Complementary Health Practices
40.46 6 Things to Know When Selecting a Complementary Health
Practitioner
40.47 5 Tips: What You Should Know about Popular Herbs
40.48 8 Things to Know about Meditation for Health
40.49 6 Things to Know about Complementary Health Approaches for
Quitting Smoking
40.50 5 Tips: What You Should Know about High Blood Cholesterol
40.51 8 Things to Know about Depression and Complementary Health
Approaches
40.52 10 Things to Know about Dietary Supplements for Children and
Teens
40.53 4 Things To Know About Menopausal Symptoms and
Complementary Health Practices
40.54 Ayurvedic Medicine: In Depth
40.55 Terms Related to Complementary and Integrative Health
41. Skin Conditions and Complementary Health Approaches: What the
Science Says
National Institutes of Health
41.1 Atopic Dermatitis
41.2 Psoriasis
41.3 Acne
41.4 Impetigo
41.5 Rosacea
42. Nutrition and Health across the Lifespan: Guidelines and
Recommendations
U.S. Department of Agriculture
42.1 Guideline 1: Follow a Healthy Dietary Pattern at Every Life Stage
42.2 Guideline 2: Customize and Enjoy Food and Beverage Choices
to Reflect Personal Preferences, Cultural Traditions, and
Budgetary Considerations
42.3 Guideline 3: Focus on Meeting Food Group Needs With
Nutrient-Dense Foods and Beverages, and Stay Within Calorie
Limits
42.4 Guideline 4: Limit Foods and Beverages Higher in Added Sugars,
Saturated Fat, and Sodium, and Limit Alcoholic Beverages
42.5 Support Healthy Dietary Patterns for All Americans
43. Using Dietary Supplements Wisely
National Institutes of Health
43.1 What’s the Bottom Line?
43.2 What Are Dietary Supplements?
43.3 What Are Herbal Supplements?
43.4 Dietary Supplement Use in the United States
43.5 Federal Regulation of Dietary Supplements
43.6 What the Science Says about the Effectiveness of Dietary
Supplements
43.7 What the Science Says about the Safety and Side Effects of
Dietary Supplements
43.8 Safety Considerations
44. Association of Genetic Liability to Smoking Initiation with e-Cigarette
Use in Young Adults: A Cohort Study
Jasmine N. Khouja, PhD, Robyn E. Wootton, PhD, Amy E. Taylor, PhD,
George Davey Smith, MD, DSc, and Marcus R. Munafò, PhD
44.1 Introduction
44.2 Results
44.3 Discussion
45. Current Issues in Vaccine Development
Raj Bawa, PhD, MD
45.1 Vaccine Development: An Introductory Overview
45.2 How Vaccines Work
45.3 Vaccine Development
45.4 Improving Vaccine R&D
45.5 Technologies and Approaches for Vaccine R&D
45.6 Addressing Challenges Related to Vaccine R&D: Policy Options
45.7 Technologies and Approaches That May Enhance Vaccine Testing
45.8 Challenges Related to Vaccine Testing: Policy Options
45.9 Technologies and Approaches for Vaccine Manufacturing
45.10 Challenges Related to Vaccine Manufacturing: Policy Options
45.11 Vaccine Development: Economics and Role of Incentives
45.12 Economic Challenges to Vaccine Development: Policy Options
46. Cannabis Products Containing Delta-8 Tetrahydrocannabinol:
Increased Availability and Reports of Adverse Events
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
46.1 Introduction
46.2 Background
46.3 Recommendations for the Public and Consumers
46.4 Recommendations for Public Health Departments and Poison
Control Centers, Including Those in Locations Where Laws Only
Permit Hemp Marketplaces
46.5 Recommendations for Retailers Selling Cannabis Products 1013
46.6 Recommendations for Healthcare Providers
46.7 For More Information
47. Natural Doesn’t Necessarily Mean Safer, or Better
National Institutes of Health
48. How Medications and Supplements Can Interact
National Institutes of Health
48.1 Test Your Knowledge: Are These Statements True or False?
48.2 Talk With Your Health Care Providers
48.3 Some Supplements May Increase the Effects—and Side
Effects—of Drugs
48.4 Some Supplements May Decrease the Effects of Drugs
48.5 More about St. John’s Wort
48.6 Interactions with Over-the-Counter Drugs
48.7 When Drug-Supplement Interactions Are Especially Important
48.8 Drugs with a Narrow Therapeutic Range
48.9 If You’re Going to Have Surgery
48.10 Tips on Reading Supplement Labels
48.11 Here’s a Hint for Your Next Visit to a Health Care Provider
49. Antioxidants: Current Issues and Future Trends
National Institutes of Health
49.1 Introduction
49.2 Key Points
49.3 About Free Radicals, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants
49.4 Use of Antioxidant Supplements in the United States
49.5 Safety
49.6 What the Science Says
49.7 If You Are Considering Antioxidant Supplements
49.8 NCCIH- and NIH-Funded Research
49.9 For More Information
50. Hearing Loss and Hearing Aids: Current Issues
Raj Bawa, PhD, MD
50.1 What Is Hearing Loss?
50.2 What Noises Cause Hearing Loss?
50.3 How Does Loud Noise Cause Hearing Loss?
50.4 What Is Noise-Induced Hearing Loss?
50.5 How Can I Tell If I Have a Hearing Problem?
50.6 Who Can I Turn to for Help with My Hearing Loss?
50.7 Why Am I Losing My Hearing?
50.8 What Is an Audiogram?
50.9 What Treatments and Devices Can Help?
50.10 Hearing Aids: More Details
50.11 What Are Some Features for Hearing Aids?
50.12 Hearing Aids and How They Work
50.13 Are There Different Styles of Hearing Aids?
50.14 Are New Types of Aids Available?
50.15 What Is the Difference between Analog and Digital Hearing Aids?
50.16 Which Hearing Aid Will Work Best for Me?
50.17 How Do I Get a Hearing Evaluation before Getting Hearing Aids?
50.18 What Is the Difference between Prescription and Over-the
Counter Hearing Aids?
50.19 Who Are OTC Hearing Aids for?
50.20 What Questions Should I Ask before Buying a Hearing Aid?
50.21 How Can I Adjust to My Hearing Aid?
50.22 How Can I Care for My Hearing Aid? 1075
50.23 Can I Obtain Financial Assistance for a Hearing Aid?
50.24 Hearing Aids vs. Personal Sound Amplification Products
51. Bacterial Evolution during Human Infection: Adapt and Live or Adapt
and Die
Matthew J. Culyba, MD, PhD, and Daria Van Tyne, PhD
51.1 Introduction
51.2 Conclusions
52. Roadblocks in Chagas Disease Care in Endemic and Nonendemic
Countries: Argentina, Colombia, Spain, and the United States.
The NET-Heart Project
Andres F. Miranda-Arboleda, MD, Ezequiel Jose Zaidel, MD, Rachel Marcus, MD,
Maria Jesus Pinazo, MD, PhD, et al.
52.1 Introduction
52.2 Methods
52.3 Results
52.4 Discussion
52.5 Conclusions
53. Pathogens Infecting the Central Nervous System
Yohann Le Govic, PharmD, PhD, Baptiste Demey, Julien Cassereau, PhD,
Yong-Sun Bahn, PhD, and Nicolas Papon, PhD
54. Current Issues in Vaccines
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
54.1 History of Vaccines
54.2 Common Ingredients in U.S. Licensed Vaccines
54.3 Understanding the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System
54.4 Science Summary: CDC Studies on Thimerosal in Vaccines
54.5 Pregnancy and Vaccination
54.6 Understanding Thimerosal, Mercury, and Vaccine Safety
54.7 2022 Recommended Immunizations for Children from Birth
through 6 Years Old
54.8 2022 Recommended Immunizations for Children 7–18 Years
54.9 Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule for Ages 19 Years
or Older
55. What Are Embryonic Stem Cells and How Can They Help Us?
Eran Meshorer, PhD
55.1 It All Begins in Fertilization, When the Sperm Meets the Egg
55.2 Cloning
55.3 Therapeutic Cloning
55.4 Reprogramming
55.5 Therapy?
55.6 Addendum by the Series Editor, Dr. Raj Bawa: The Future of
Embryonic Stem Cells
56. The Rise and Rise of Mitochondrial DNA Mutations
Conor Lawless, MEng, PhD, Laura Greaves, PhD, Amy K. Reeve, PhD,
Doug M. Turnbull, PhD, MD, and Amy E. Vincent, PhD
56.1 Evolutionary Aspects of Mitochondrial Genetics
56.2 Clonal Expansion of mtDNA Mutations
56.3 Population Dynamics of mtDNA Point Mutations
56.4 Population Dynamics of mtDNA Deletions
56.5 Important Challenges and Unanswered Questions
56.6 Modelling Clonal Expansion
56.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
57. Hallmarks of Cancer—the New Testament
Sasi S. Senga, MSc, and Richard P. Grose, PhD
57.1 A Historical Perspective on Cancer
57.2 Hallmarks of Cancer
57.3 New Hallmark 1: Dedifferentiation and Transdifferentiation
57.4 New Hallmark 2: Epigenetic Dysregulation
57.5 New Hallmark 3: Altered Microbiome
57.6 New Hallmark 4: Altered Neuronal Signalling
57.7 Conclusion
58. Adipose Tissue in Health and Disease
Innocence Harvey, PhD, Anik Boudreau, and Jacqueline M. Stephens, PhD
58.1 Introduction
58.2 Adipose Tissue Expansion and Development
58.3 Inflammation
58.4 Location of Lipid Storage
58.5 Adipose Tissue Lipolysis and Insulin Resistance
58.6 Endocrine Functions within Adipose Tissue
58.7 Emerging Approaches to Combat Adipose Tissue-Derived
Metabolic Dysfunction
58.8 Concluding Remarks
59. Viral Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Male Reproductive
Health
Shubhadeep Roychoudhury, PhD, Anandan Das, MSc, Niraj Kumar Jha, PhD,
Kavindra Kumar Kesari, PhD, et al.
59.1 Introduction
59.2 SARS-CoV-2: History, Origin and Transmission
59.3 Possible Mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 Invasion into Host Cells and
Immune Pattern of Infection
59.4 Effect on the Male Reproductive System
59.5 SARS-CoV-2 and Male Fertility
59.6 Gender-Based Susceptibility
59.7 Conclusion
59.8 Future Perspectives
60. Elevated CO2 Modulates Airway Contractility
Masahiko Shigemura, PhD, and Jacob I. Sznajder, MD
60.1 Introduction
60.2 Hypercapnia-Induced Bronchoconstriction
60.3 Respiratory Acidosis-Related Bronchodilation
60.4 Effect of Hypocapnia on Airway Contractility
60.5 Conclusion
Index
Biography
Raj Bawa, PhD, MD, is president of Bawa Biotech LLC (founded in 2002), a biotech/pharma consultancy and patent law firm based in Ashburn, Virginia, USA. Trained as a microbiologist and biochemist, he is an inventor, author, entrepreneur, professor, and registered patent agent (since 2002) licensed to practice before the US Patent & Trademark Office. He is currently a scientific advisor to Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Israel (since 2010), and full professor (adjunct) at Northern Virginia Community College, Annandale, Virginia (since 2004). He is vice president and chief IP officer at Guanine, Inc., Rensselaer, New York (since 2017), a company focused on rapid, accurate detection of infective pathogens. He has served as a principal investigator of various National Cancer Institute (NCI) research grants; most recently as a principal investigator of a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) grant to develop an assay for Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-producing bacteria. He was an adjunct professor at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, from 1998 to 2018. After earning a BSc (Honors School) in microbiology, he earned an MS in cancer biology, a PhD in biophysics/biochemistry, and an MD. In the 1990s, Dr. Bawa held various positions at the US Patent & Trademark Office, including primary examiner from 1996–2002. Currently, he is a life member of Sigma Xi, cochair of the nanotech and precision medicine committees of the American Bar Association, and founding director of the American Society for Nanomedicine (established in 2008). He has authored over 100 publications, edited 10 texts, and serves on the editorial boards of numerous peer-reviewed journals, including serving as an associate editor of Nanomedicine (Elsevier).
