The field of beam physics touches many areas of physics, engineering, and the sciences. In general terms, beams describe ensembles of particles with initial conditions similar enough to be treated together as a group so that the motion is a weakly nonlinear perturbation of a chosen reference particle. Particle beams are used in a variety of areas, ranging from electron microscopes, particle spectrometers, medical radiation facilities, powerful light sources, and astrophysics to large synchrotrons and storage rings such as the LHC at CERN.
An Introduction to Beam Physics is based on lectures given at Michigan State University’s Department of Physics and Astronomy, the online VUBeam program, the U.S. Particle Accelerator School, the CERN Academic Training Programme, and various other venues. It is accessible to beginning graduate and upper-division undergraduate students in physics, mathematics, and engineering. The book begins with a historical overview of methods for generating and accelerating beams, highlighting important advances through the eyes of their developers using their original drawings. The book then presents concepts of linear beam optics, transfer matrices, the general equations of motion, and the main techniques used for single- and multi-pass systems. Some advanced nonlinear topics, including the computation of aberrations and a study of resonances, round out the presentation.
Beams and Beam Physics
What Is Beam Physics
Production of Beams
Acceleration of Beams
Linear Beam Optics
Coordinates and Maps
Glass Optics
Special Optical Systems
Fields, Potentials and Equations of Motion
Fields with Straight Reference Orbit
Fields with Planar Reference Orbit
The Equations of Motion in Curvilinear Coordinates
The Linearization of the Equations of Motion
The Drift
The Quadrupole without Fringe Fields
Deflectors
Round Lenses
Aberration Formulas
Computation and Properties of Maps
Aberrations and Symmetries
Differential Algebras
The Computation of Transfer Maps
Manipulation of Maps
Linear Phase Space Motion
Phase Space Action
Polygon-like Phase Space
Elliptic Phase Space
Edwards-Teng Parametrization
Imaging Devices
The Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
The Camera and the Microscope
Spectrometers and Spectrographs
Electron Microscopes and Their Correction
The Periodic Transport
The Transversal Motion
Dispersive Effects
A Glimpse at Nonlinear Effects
Lattice Modules
The FODO Cell
Symmetric Achromats
Special Purpose Modules
Synchrotron Motion
RF Fundamentals
The Phase Slip Factor
Longitudinal Dynamics
Transverse Dynamics of RF Cavities
Resonances in Repetitive Systems
Integer Resonance
Half-Integer Resonance
Linear Coupling Resonance
Third-Integer Resonance
References
Index
Biography
Martin Berz, Kyoko Makino, Weishi Wan