1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
2 HYDRAULIC ASPHALT CONCRETE
2.1 General material requirements and mix proportions
2.2 Bitumen for use in HAC
2.3 Aggregates in the HAC mix
2.3.1 Summary of standard requirements to HAC aggregates
2.4 Filler in the HAC mix
3 ASPHALT CONCRETE MIX DESIGN AND SUITABILITY TESTING
3.1 Aggregate gradation
3.2 Bitumen content and filler content
3.3 General requirements to HAC properties
3.4 Marshall standard method of mix design and test specimen preparation
3.5 Permeability (hydraulic conductivity) of compacted HAC
3.6 Differences between aggregates crushed in the laboratory and in the field
3.7 Triaxial testing to investigate stress-strain-strength behaviour
3.8 Behaviour in direct tension and in bending
3.9 Splitting (Brazilian) test to determine tensile strength
3.10 Additives to improve the hydro-mechanical behaviour of HAC
3.10.1 Additives to HAC to improve bitumen bonding to acidic aggregates
4 EFFECTS OF COMPACTION METHOD ON HAC BEHAVIOUR
4.1 Various compaction equipment and procedures
4.2 Effects of compaction method on triaxial stress-strain behaviour
4.3 Limitations of Marshall compaction method for triaxial specimens
4.4 Laboratory method to better simulate the results of field compaction
4.5 New laboratory compaction mold and procedure
4.6 Recommended laboratory compaction for HAC triaxial specimens
5. CRACKING RESISTANCE, STRESS RELAXATION, AND SELFHEALING
5.1 Changes in HAC permeability during triaxial compression tests
5.2 Cracking and self-healing behaviour
5.3 Aging, weathering, and durability of dam core
5.4 HAC stress relaxation behaviour
5.5 Cracking caused by rapid cooling to low temperature?
5.6 No effects of acidic water on hydro-mechanical properties of HAC
5.6.1 Test program with HAC in acidic water
5.6.2 Conclusions from test program with acidic water
6. CORE CONSTRUCTION AND QUALITY CONTROL
6.1 Rock aggregate production for core and transition zones
6.2 Asphalt concrete production
6.3 Transportation of hot asphalt
6.4 Asphalt placement in core
6.5 Field compaction procedures
6.6 Test section built before start of dam core construction
6.7 Placing and compacting HAC in cold weather
6.8 Asphalt core construction rate
6.9 Quality assurance and field control specifications
6.9.1 Validation of asphalt concrete mix
6.9.2 Quality control of HAC mix
6.9.3 Quality control by drilling and extracting samples from the core
6.9.4 Geophysical control measurements of asphalt density
6.9.5 Measurements of density deviations – effect of volume of control sample
6.9.6 Controlling width of asphalt core during construction
6.9.7 Insulating core surface during construction shut-down periods
6.9.8 Summary of core quality control requirements during construction
6.10 Potential future improvements in dam core construction
7 STRESS-STRAIN-TIME-TEMPERATURE BEHAVIOUR OF HAC
7.1 Loading and deformations of the dam core
7.2 Effects of strain rate and temperature on HAC behaviour
7.3 Stress-strain-strength relationships at various strain rates and temperatures
7.3.1 The time-temperature superposition principle (TTS)
7.3.2 Compression modulus and strength for other temperatures and strain rates
7.3.3 Tension modulus and tensile strength
7.3.4 Stress-strain-strength parameters at various temperatures and strain rates
7.4 Long-term creep behaviour
7.4.1 Re-analysis of published creep test results
7.4.2 Long-term creep tests at Xi’an University of Technology
7.5 Behaviour during slow unloading-reloading cycles
7.6 Behaviour during dynamic cyclic loading
7.7 Torsional shear testing of asphalt concrete
7.8 Proposed creep model for HAC behaviour in dam core
7.8.1 Introduction to constitutive model
7.8.2 Mathematical formulation of stress-strain-time-temperature creep model
8. DESIGN OF ASPHALT CORE EMBANKMENT DAMS
8.1 Asphalt core
8.2 Transition zones
8.3 Dam shoulders
8.4 Optimal dam core alignment
8.5 Plinth design and construction
8.6 Plinth on cut-off wall through pervious foundation
8.7 Foundation gallery
8.8 Design of core interface for very steep rock abutments
9. DESIGN FEATURES TO INCREASE EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Dynamic analysis of embankment dams
9.3 Deformed shape and potential cracking of the core
9.4 Measures to increase earthquake resistance
10 CASE STUDIES OF ASPHALT CORE EMBANKMENT DAMS
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Eberlaste ACED, Austria (1966-1968)
10.1.2 High Island ACEDs, Hong Kong (1973-1978)
10.1.3 Grosse Dhünn ACED, Germany (1983-1984)
10.2 Finstertal Dam, Austria
10.2.1 Dam site conditions
10.2.2 Dam design and zoning
10.2.3 Dam instrumentation and monitoring
10.3 Storglomvatn Dam, Norway
10.3.1 Dam site conditions
10.3.2 Dam design
10.3.3 Dam construction and performance
10.3.4 Measured dam displacements
10.3.5 Seepage measurements
10.4 Yele Dam, China
10.4.1 Dam site and foundation conditions
10.4.2 Dam type selection and design
10.4.3 Design and construction of impervious barriers in the foundation
10.4.4 Yele Dam construction and performance
10.4.5 Measured dam surface displacements
10.4.6 Measured deformations inside the dam
10.5 Romaine-2 Main Dam, Canada
10.5.1 Dam site conditions
10.5.2 Dam design and construction
10.5.3 Instrumentation and monitoring
10.6 Zarema Dam, Ethiopia
10.6.1 Dam site conditions
10.6.2 Dam core design and special construction procedure
10.6.3 Core construction method and scheduling
10.7 Quxue Dam, China
10.7.1 Dam site conditions
10.7.2 Dam type selection and design
10.7.3 Core and plinth design
10.7.4 Dam construction, quality control, and reservoir impounding
10.7.5 Dam monitoring and performance observations
10.7.6 Horizontal displacements of asphalt core since start of impounding
10.7.7 Settlement differences between the core and transition Zone 2
10.7.8 Temperature reduction with time in the asphalt core
10.7.9 Performance of concrete plinth under the core
10.8 Numerical analysis of the Quxue asphalt core dam
11 COMPARISONS WITH OTHER EMBANKMENT DAM OPTIONS
11.1 Introduction
11.2 ACED compared to earth core embankment dam (ECED)
11.3 ACED compared to concrete face embankment dam (CFRD)
Biography
Kaare Høeg is a special advisor at the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) and a professor emeritus in the Department of Geosciences at the University of Oslo. He earned his doctorate (ScD) from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), USA, and he was a professor at Stanford University, USA, from 1968 until 1974 when he was appointed as the Managing Director of NGI, a position he held until 1991. He was elected as a member of the Norwegian Academy of Technical Sciences in 1976 and the Academy of Letters and Arts in 1977 and as a foreign member of the US National Academy of Engineering in 1993. He was elected as the president of the International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD) from 1997 to 2000. He is actively engaged as a design consultant for new dams and as an expert panel member for the safety evaluation, risk analysis, and strengthening of existing dams. He is the author/co‑author of two books on embankment dams and has published 170 technical papers in international journals and conference proceedings.
Weibiao Wang is a supervisor at Xi’an Huize Construction Engineering Co. Ltd and a professor emeritus at Xi’an University of Technology (XAUT), China. He obtained his MSc in 1988 from XAUT and his doctorate (PhD) in 2008 from the University of Oslo, Norway. From 1998 to 1999, he was a visiting scholar at the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) and stayed at NGI for his PhD studies supervised by Professor Kaare Høeg and later as a postdoctoral researcher from 2007 to 2009. Since 1985, he has been engaged in research and consulting for most of the hydraulic asphalt concrete projects in China. He has co‑authored the Chinese NB/T 11015‑2022 "Code for design of asphalt concrete facings and cores for embankment dams", the DL/T 5362‑2018 "Test code for hydraulic bitumen concrete", and SL 514‑2013 "Specifications for construction of hydraulic asphalt concrete". He was one of the four people in the working team for editing and updating the International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD) Bulletin 179 for asphalt concrete core dams. He is the author/co‑author of two books on hydraulic asphalt concrete and has published 60 papers in international journals and conference proceedings.
