GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Metals: Pollution and Health Impacts
Metals as Natural Resources
Environmental Pollution by Metals
Human Exposure to Metals
Final Remarks
References
Biomarkers, an Overview
The Concept of Biomarker
Monitorization of Environment and Human Health
Categories of Biomarkers
Other biomarkers
Biomarkers’ Strengths’ and Weakness
Final Remarks
References
Application Fields of Metal Biomarkers
Risk Assessment of Metal Contamination
Biomarkers in Human Health Risk Assessment
Risk Assessment of Food and Consumer Products
Final Remarks
References
BIOMARKERS OF XENOBIOTIC METALS
Aluminium
Sources of Exposure
Biomarkers
Final Remarks
References
Arsenic
Sources of Exposure
Toxicity
Final Remarks
References
Cadmium
Sources of Exposure
Toxicity
Biomarkers
Final Remarks
References
Chromium
Sources of Exposure
Toxicity
Biomarkers
Final Remarks
References
Lead
Sources of Exposure
Toxicity
Biomarkers
Final Remarks
References
Mercury
Sources of Exposure
Toxicity
Biomarkers
Biomarkers of exposure
Final Remarks
References
BIOMARKERS OF ESSENTIAL METALS WITH POTENTIAL FOR TOXICITY
Copper
Sources of Exposure
Essentiality and Toxicity
Biomarkers
Final Remarks
References
Iron
Sources of Exposure
Essentiality and Toxicity
Biomarkers
Final Remarks
References
Magnesium
Sources of Exposure
Essentiality and Toxicity
Biomarkers
Final Remarks
References
Manganese
Sources of Exposure
Essentiality and Toxicity
Biomarkers
Final Remarks
References
Zinc
Sources of Exposure
Essentiality and Toxicity
Biomarkers
Final Remarks
References
NOVEL TRENDS IN METALS BIOMARKERS
Biomarkers of Metal Mixtures
Exposure to Metal Mixtures
Biomarkers
Final Remarks
References
Multibiomarker Approaches
Need and Advantages of Multibiomarker Approaches
Multivariate Statistical Methods
"Omics" Technologies
Final Remarks
References
Biography
Vanda Maria Falcão Espada Lopes de Andrade has a PhD in Pharmacy/Toxicology with her thesis devoted to biomarkers in Occupational Toxicology. Currently is Invited Adjunct Professor in the Santarém Agrarian School of the Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, where she is regent of curricular units focusing on Analytical, Food and Environmental Toxicology. Her research activity in the Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV) and in the Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa) have been mainly devoted to metal biomarkers and metal food contamination.
