Chemistry for the Life Sciences

Elements, Atoms, and Electrons

Matter and Elements

Atoms

Atomic Structure

Isotopes

The Periodic Table

Electron Structure of Atoms

Covalent Bonding and Molecules

Interactions between Atoms

Covalent Bonds Are Formed by Sharing Outer Electrons

Formulae of Compounds

Covalent Bonds Formed by Combining Atomic Orbitals

Single Overlap, the Sigma-Bond

Double Overlap, the Pi-Bond

Molecules with s- and p-Bonds

Hybrid Molecular Orbitals

Forces Within and Between Molecules

Ionic Bonding

Polar Covalent Bonds

Dipole–Dipole Forces

The Hydrogen Bond

van der Waals Forces

The Hydrophobic Effect

Coordinate Bonds

Chemical Reactions

Rates of Reaction

Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction

Rate Equations

Integrated Forms of Rate Equations

Zero-Order Reactions

Integrated Form of the Zero-Order Rate Equation

First-Order Reactions

The Integrated Form of the First-Order Rate Equation

Second-Order Reactions

Integrated Forms of Second-Order Rate Equations

Pseudo-First-Order Reactions

Reversible Reactions

Equilibrium

Water

The Water Molecule

Ice

Water

Solutions

The Mole Concept

Calculating Molar Masses

Molarity

Colloidal Solutions

Diffusion and Osmosis

Acids, Bases, and Buffers

Ionisation of Water

The Hydrogen Ion

Acids and Bases

Strong Acids and Strong Bases

Weak Acids and Weak Bases

Ka and Kb

Relationship between Ka and Kb

pH, pOH, pKw, pKa, pKb

Solutions of Weak Acids and Bases

Salts and Salt Hydrolysis

Buffer Systems

Calculating the pH Values of Buffers

Indicators

Titrations

Gases

Pressure

Measurement of Pressure

Ideal Gas Laws

Partial Pressures

Solubility of Gases

Diffusion in Gases

Aliphatic Carbon Compounds

Simple Molecules Containing Carbon

Organic Compounds

Alkanes and Alkyl Groups

Alkenes

Alcohols

Thiols

Aldehydes and Ketones

Carboxylic Acids

Amines

Lipids, Sugars, and Linkages between Reactive Groups

Fatty Acids

Esters

Glycerol Esters

Hemiacetals and Hemiketals

Simple Sugars

Chirality in Simple Sugars

Straight-Chain Sugars Spontaneously Form Rings

Sugar Hydroxyls Can Be Chemically Modified

Sugars Are Joined Together by Glycosidic Bonds

Aromatic Carbon Compounds and Isomerism

Benzene

Bioactive Aromatic Compounds

Isomerism

Structural Isomerism

Chain, Positional, and Functional Group Isomerism

Tautomerism

Stereoisomerism

Geometrical Isomerism

Optical Isomerism

Organic and Biological Reaction Mechanisms

Reactive Sites and Functional Groups

Describing Reaction Mechanisms

Bimolecular Nucleophilic Substitution

Electrophilic Addition to a Nonpolar Double Bond

Elimination to Form an Alkene

Nucleophilic Addition to a Polar Double Bond

Free Radical Reactions

Carbon–Carbon Bond Formation in Biosynthesis

Sulphur and Phosphorus

The Electron-Shell Structure and Valency of Phosphorus and Sulphur

Sulphur

The Thiol Group and Thiol Esters

Phosphate, Pyrophosphate, and Polyphosphate

Phosphate Esters

The Role of Phosphate Esters and ATP in Cellular Energy Metabolism

Oxidation and Reduction Reactions

Oxidation Is Linked to Reduction

The Chemical Changes in the REDOX Process

Splitting REDOX Reactions

Standardising REDOX Half-Reactions

Predicting Electron Flow

Free Energy and Standard Reduction Potentials

Redox Reactions and Nonstandard Conditions

Metals in Biology

General Properties of Metals in Biology

Some Properties of Alkali Metals

The Alkaline Earth Metals

Transition Metals

Role of Metal as Oxygen Carrier

Metals Facilitate Biocatalysis

The Role of Metal Ions as Charge Carriers

The Toxicity of Metals

Energy

The First Law of Thermodynamics

Units of Energy

Measurement of Energy

Internal Energy, U, and Enthalpy, H

Calorimetry

Hess’s Law

Enthalpies of Formation

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

Free Energy

Interaction of DeltaH with TDeltaS

Reactions and Equilibrium

DeltaG and Equilibrium

Activation Energy

The Effect of the Temperature on Reaction Rate

The Arrhenius Equation

Catalysis

Enzyme Catalysis

Kinetics of Enzyme Reactions

Finding Vmax and KM

Light

Light Is Part of the Electromagnetic Spectrum

Wavelength and Frequency

The Quantum Theory of Light

The Absorption of Light

The Relationship between Light Absorption and Concentration

The Spectrophotometer

The Fate of Absorbed Light

Appendix: Derivations of Equations

Index

Biography

Raul Sutton