1st Edition

Control and Automation of Electrical Power Distribution Systems

    488 Pages 263 B/W Illustrations
    by CRC Press

    Implementing the automation of electric distribution networks, from simple remote control to the application of software-based decision tools, requires many considerations, such as assessing costs, selecting the control infrastructure type and automation level, deciding on the ambition level, and justifying the solution through a business case. Control and Automation of Electric Power Distribution Systems addresses all of these issues to aid you in resolving automation problems and improving the management of your distribution network.

    Bringing together automation concepts as they apply to utility distribution systems, this volume presents the theoretical and practical details of a control and automation solution for the entire distribution system of substations and feeders. The fundamentals of this solution include depth of control, boundaries of control responsibility, stages of automation, automation intensity levels, and automated device preparedness. To meet specific performance goals, the authors discuss distribution planning, performance calculations, and protection to facilitate the selection of the primary device, associated secondary control, and fault indicators. The book also provides two case studies that illustrate the business case for distribution automation (DA) and methods for calculating benefits, including the assessment of crew time savings.

    As utilities strive for better economies, DA, along with other tools described in this volume, help to achieve improved management of the distribution network. Using Control and Automation of Electric Power Distribution Systems, you can embark on the automation solution best suited for your needs.

    POWER DELIVERY SYSTEM CONTROL AND AUTOMATION
    Introduction
    Why Distribution Automation
    Power Delivery Systems
    Control Hierarchy
    What Is Distribution Automation
    Distribution Automation System
    Basic Architectures and Implementation Strategies for DA
    Definitions of Automated Device Preparedness
    Summary

    CENTRAL CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT
    Introduction
    Power System Operation
    Operations Environment of Distribution Networks
    Evolution of Distribution Management Systems
    Basic Distribution Management System Functions
    Basic of a Real-Time Control System (SCADA)
    Outage Management
    Decision Support Tools
    Subsystems
    Extended Control-Feeder Automation
    Performance Measures and Response Times
    Data Base Structures and Interfaces
    Conclusions
    Appendix 2A: Sample Comprehensive CIM Structure

    DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS, MV NETWORKS
    Introduction
    Design of Networks
    LV Distribution Networks
    Switchgear for Distribution Substations and LV Networks
    Extended Control of Distribution Substations and LV Networks
    Summary

    HARDWARE FOR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
    Introduction to Switchgear
    Primary Switchgear
    Ground Mounted Network Substations
    Larger Distribution/Compact Substations
    Pole Mounted Enclosed Switches
    Pole Mounted Reclosers
    Pole Mounted Switch Disconnectors and Disconnectors
    Operating Mechanisms and Actuators
    Current and Voltage Measuring Devices
    Instrument Transformers in Extended Control
    Current and Voltage Sensors

    PROTECTION AND CONTROL
    Introduction
    Protection Using Relays
    Sensitive Earth Fault and Instantaneous Protection Schemes
    Protection Using Fuses
    Earth Fault and Overcurrent Protection for Solid/ Resistance Earthed Networks
    Earth Faults on Compensated Networks
    Earth Faults on Unearthed Networks
    An Earth Fault Relay for Compensated and Unearthed Networks
    Fault Passage Indication
    Connection of the FPI to the Distribution System Conductor
    Distribution System Earthing and Fault Passage Indication
    AutoReclosing and Fault Passage Indicators
    The Choice of Indication between Phase Fault and Earth Fault
    Resetting the Fault Passage Indicator
    Grading of Fault Passage Indicators
    Selecting a Fault Passage Indicator
    Intelligent Electronic Device (IED)
    Power Supplies for Extended Control
    Automation Ready Switchgear - FA Building Blocks
    Examples of Building Blocks
    Typical Inputs and Outputs for Building Blocks
    Control Building Blocks and Retrofit
    Control Logic

    PERFORMANCE OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
    Faults on Distribution Networks
    Performance and Basic Reliability Calculations
    Calculating the Effects of Extended Control
    Improving the Reliability of Underground Networks
    Improving the Reliability of Overhead Networks
    Improving Performance with Automation
    Improvements by Combining Design Methods on Underground Circuits

    COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS FOR CONTROL AND AUTOMATION
    Introduction
    Communications and Distribution Automation
    DA Communication Physical Link Options
    Wireless Communication
    Wire Communications
    Distribution Automation Communications Protocols
    Distribution Automation Communications Architecture
    DA Communications User Interface
    Some Considerations for DA Communications Selection
    Requirements for Dimensioning the Communications Channel
    Glossary of Communication Terms Used

    CREATING THE BUSINESS CASE
    Introduction
    Potential Benefits Perceived by the Industry for Substation Automation
    Potential Benefits Perceived by the Industry for Feeder Automation
    Generic Benefits
    Benefits Opportunity Matrix
    Benefits Flow Chart
    Dependencies, Shared and Unshared Benefits
    Capital Deferral, Release, or Displacement
    Savings in Manpower
    Savings Related to Energy
    Other Operating Benefits
    Summary of DA Functions and Benefits
    Economic Value-Cost
    Presentation of Results and Conclusion

    CASE STUDIES
    Introduction
    Case Study 1, Long Rural Feeder
    Case Study 2, Large Urban Network

    Glossary
    Index

    Biography

    Northcote-Green, James; Wilson, Robert G.